developmental quiz 1 Flashcards
1
Q
infancy
A
birth to 1 year
2
Q
neonatal
A
birth to 2 weeks of age
3
Q
infant
A
3 weeks to 12 months of age
4
Q
toddlerhood
A
13 months to 2 years ( 2years, 11 months)
5
Q
early childhood - preschooll
A
3 -5 years
6
Q
early childhood- elementary school
A
5 - 10 years
7
Q
adolescence
A
11 - 18 years
8
Q
young adulthood
A
18 - 22 to 25 years
9
Q
pediatric pts are often involved in the care of children through
A
early adulthoof
10
Q
adulthood
A
22-40 years
11
Q
middle ages
A
40-65 years
12
Q
late adulthood
A
65+
13
Q
what is advanced maternal age
A
describes a pregnancy where the mother is older than 35 years
14
Q
who wad the german psychologist who theorized that there’s a specific psychological struggle that takes place through the 8 stages of a person life
A
erik erickson
15
Q
erkisons stage theory - 0-1 year
A
infancy ; basic trust vs mistrust
16
Q
erkisons stage theory : 1-3 years
A
early childhood; autonomy vs. shame
17
Q
erkisons stage theory : 3-6 years
A
play age; initiative vs guilt
18
Q
erkisons stage theory : 6-12 years
A
school age; industry vs inferiority
19
Q
erkisons stage theory : 12-19 years
A
adolescence; identity vs confusion
20
Q
erkisons stage theory : 20-25 years
A
early adulthood; intimacy vs isolation
21
Q
erkisons stage theory : 26-64 years
A
adulthood; generativity vs stagnation
22
Q
erkisons stage theory : 65- death
A
old age; integrity vs despair
23
Q
postural control
A
involves controlling the boys position in space fo the dual purposes of stability and orientation
24
Q
postural orientation
A
ability to maintain an appropriate relationship between the body segments and between the body and the environment for a task
25
posture stability
the ability to control the center of mass in relationship to the base of support
26
center of mass
a point that is at the center of the total body mass
27
where is the COM for an adult?
anterior to S2 in the upright position
28
where is the COM in an child?
T12
29
How is the COM determined?
finding weighted average
30
what is the key variable that is controlled by the postural system
COM
31
center of gravity
the vertical projection of the COM; depending on the activity
32
what is the center of gravity dependent on?
the weight and distribution of weight within the body
33
center of pressure
the center of distribution of the total forces applied to the supporting surfaces
34
base of support
the area of the body that is in contact with the support surface
35
body alignment in quiet stance
small amount of postural sway
36
vertical line of gravity falls in the midline between
mastoid process
anterior to shoulder joint s
hip joints
anterior to knee joints
anterior to ankle joints
37
muscle tone
the force to which a muscle resists being lengthened (stiffness)
38
postural tone
when we stand up, activity increase in antigravity postural muscles to counteract the force of gravity
sensory inputs are critical to tone
39
limits of stability
ability to maintain the projected COM within the limits of BOS
40
both the —— and ——- of COM needed to be considered at any given moments
position and velocity
41
3 types of postural control
steady state
reactive
proactive
42
steady state control
control the COM relative to BOS in predicatable and non changing conditions
ex. sitting in a chair
43
reactive control
occurs in response to outside forces
ex. being bumped in a crowd
44
proactive or anticipatory control
occurs in anticipation of internaller generated forces, intent to move
ex. stepping onto a curb
45
reactive balance replied on…
feed back mechanisms
46
feedback mechanisms
feedback from an external perturbation, unexpected postural disturbance
47
what does proactive balance rely on
feedfoward mechanisms
48
feedfoward mechanisms
expected postural disturbance
49
ankle strategy
smaller, slower perturbation
50
hip strategy
larger, faster perturbations
51
stepping strategy
largest,fastest perturbation
52
reach strategy
elicited by a similiar perturbation as stepping
53
secondary curves in spine
cervial and lumbar ( 2 degrees)
54
primary curves in spine
thoracic and sacral (1 degree)
55
newborn to 2 months (reflexes)
primary standing/positive support and automatic walking
both are reflexes
56
what is primary standing/positive support
first accepts weight on legs for 20-30 seconds then falls
57
automatic walking
steps reciprocally when inclined forward
58
asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR) and tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR) happens when
newborn to 6 months
59
in supine, head rotation to side where side arm and leg is extended and opposite arm is flexed to head
can lead to developmental coordination disorder in adolescence if ATNR does not integrate
asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR)
60
tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR)
neck extends: increase extensor tone of all limbs
neck flexes: increased flexor tone of all limbs
61
when can a child sit up on their own?
6 months
62
anterior protective extension
anterior perturbation - arms extent foward to prevent from falling
63
when does anterior protection extension emerge?
6-9 months
64
lateral protective extension
lateral perturbation- arms extend to prevent form falling ; emerges 6-9 months
65
upper extremity parachute
in prone horizontal suspension, child is moved towards the surface head hurt
they should symmetrically extent and abduct their arms
66
when does upper extermity parachute emerg?
6-7 motnhs
67
posterior protection extension
posterior perturbation- arms and head extend backwards to recover balance ; emerges at 9 months
68
During the prenatal development of 25-27 weeks what happens?
the babies move around and twist; should feel flexing, kicking , stretching, and punching
69
What are some new born anatomical characteristics?
large head
shorter legs than trunk and arms
c curve spine
70
During the first month or 2 the babies are predominate in what?
flexion bc that is how they are in the womb
71
First 3 months of infancy
flexed posture dominates
head tipped foward in supported sitting
increased extension of the spine
72
when does limb symmetry progress to asymmetry?
begins at 2 months
73
when does the baby begin to lift head in prone
by 2 months
74
when does a baby discover midline orientation?
by 3 months
75
developmental changes during 4-6 months
on elbows to on hands posture
spinal extension in lumbar region
head hello upright
76
When should a baby be able to independently sit on their own?
6 month s
77
developmental changes during 7-9 months
baby wants to crawl to get stuff
rolling and achieve in quadruped position
improved weight shifting skills
78
developmental changes during 10-12 months
gets to pulls and develops pull up to stand up
high guard walking - shoulders rotated outward and elbows are flexed
79
developmental changes 12-14 months
walking well
80
developmental changes 15-18 months
kick back foward
81
developmental changes 20-24 months
jump in place
82
developmental changes 36 months
stand on one foot
adult like muscle activation
83
developmental changes in 2-6 years ( early childhood)
exaggerated lordosis and portuding abdomens disappear
body fat is 12.5-15 5 by 5
84
When does puberty happen?
7-12 years old
85
When does your growth spur happen
7-12 years and effects their musculoskeletal system
86
when are adult skulls being refined and mastered
by age 10
87
passive stance; slouched posture
small bone structure
think
lean muscle mass
ectomorphis
88
active; military posture
strong, athletic, hard body
gain muscle and fair more easy
mesomorphs
89
Is static balance more difficult for children>
yes
90
adult like postural control is not fully developed until
7 years of age
91
when does someone’s gait mature
7 years of age
92
what are the 3 things that have to do with keeping balance
vision
vestibular
proprioception
93
when is peak control of transitional movements at
15 years
94
developmental changes in older adulthood
widen base of support
slighting legend kness and hips
reduced lumbar lordosis and increase kyphosis
foward head
95
what does increased thoracic kyphosis lead to
cervical extension and internal rotation of shoulders
96
what does foward head lead to?
internal rotation of the shoulders
97
Lower extermity muscular strength is reduced but how much between the ages of 30-80
40%
98
Musculoskeletal changes for older adults
decreased number of type 1 and 2 muscle fibers
arthritis pain
decreased number of motor unites
99
what training is may effective for imporoving physical function in older adults with muscle weakness?
power training
100
what has been found to be even more highly correlated with physical function?
muscle power
