Developmental Psychology - Level 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

accommodation

A

Modifying an existing schema to fit a new experience.

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2
Q

achievement motivation

A

A person’s tendency to strive for successful performance, to evaluate her performance against standards of excellence, and to feel pleasure at having performed successfully.

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3
Q

acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

A viral disease that attacks the body’s immune systems; transmitted to a foetus or newborn in the form of the human immunodeficiency virus (HITS, this disorder weakens the child’s immune system and may ultimately cause its death.

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4
Q

active genetic–environmental interaction

A

A kind of interaction in which people’s genes encourage them to seek out experiences compatible with their
inherited tendencies.

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5
Q

activity theory

A

The theory that successful ageing involves maintaining interest in activities into late adulthood.

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6
Q

adaptation

A

Adjusting one’s thinking to fit with environmental demands.

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7
Q

aetiology

A

In medicine and psychiatry, the cause or causes of a specific disorder.

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8
Q

age cohort

A

People born within the same generation.

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9
Q

age of viability

A

The age of 22 to 26 weeks from conception, at which point the foetus’s physical systems are advanced enough that it has a chance to survive if born prematurely.

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10
Q

aggression

A

Behaviour that intentionally harms other people by inflicting pain or injury on them.

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11
Q

aggressive rejected children

A

Rejected children who have low self-control, are

highly aggressive and exhibit behaviour problems.

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12
Q

allele

A

Alleles are alternative forms of a gene. An individual typically has two alleles – one from the mother and one from the father.

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13
Q

altruism

A

An unselfish concern for the welfare of others.

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14
Q

amniotic sac

A

A membrane that contains the developing organism and the amniotic fluid around it; sac and fluid protect the organism from physical shocks and temperature changes.

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15
Q

androgynous

A

Possessing both feminine and masculine psychological characteristics.

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16
Q

andropause

A

The ‘male menopause’, linked to a decline in the production of testosterone but with varying symptoms and not universally acknowledged to exist.

17
Q

animistic thinking

A

The attribution of life to inanimate objects.

18
Q

approach/avoidance behaviour

A

A pattern of interaction in which the infant or child shows an inconsistent pattern of approaching and retreating from a person or an object.

19
Q

assimilation

A

Applying an existing schema to a new experience.

20
Q

associative learning

A

According to Jensen, lower-level learning tapped in tests of such things as short-term memorization and recall, attention, rote learning, and simple associative skills. Also called level I learning.

21
Q

attachment

A

A strong emotional bond that forms between infant and caregiver in the second half of the child’s first year.

22
Q

Attachment Q Sort (AQS)

A

An assessment method in which a caregiver or observer
judges the quality of a child’s attachment based on the child’s behaviour in naturalistic situations, often including brief separations from parents.

23
Q

attention

A

The identification and selection of particular sensory input for more detailed processing.

24
Q

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

A childhood disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and hyperactivity or impulsivity that far exceeds such behaviours observed in children at comparable levels of development.

25
Q

authoritarian parenting

A

Parenting that is harsh, unresponsive and rigid, and in which parents tend to use power-assertive methods of control.

26
Q

authoritative parenting

A

Parenting that is warm, responsive and involved yet unintrusive, and in which parents set reasonable limits and expect appropriately mature behaviour from their children.

27
Q

autistic disorder

A

A lifelong disorder in which children’s ability to communicate and interact socially is seriously impaired;
children with autism have specific language deficiencies, demonstrate a need for sameness in their environment, and often engage in repetitive and stereotyped kinds of behaviours.

28
Q

autobiographical memory

A

A collection of memories of things that have happened to a person at a specific time or place.

29
Q

automatization

A

The process of transforming conscious, controlled behaviours into unconscious and automatic ones.

30
Q

autosomes

A

The 22 paired non-sex chromosomes.

31
Q

average children

A

Children who have some friends but who are not as well liked as popular children.

32
Q

basic reflex activity

A

An infant’s exercise of, and growing proficiency in, the use of innate reflexes.