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Psychology > Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Developmental Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Brain

A

The organ in your head made up of nerves. It processes information and controls behaviour.

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2
Q

Forebrain

A

The anterior part of the brain, including the hemispheres and the central brain structures.

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3
Q

Midbrain

A

The middle section of the brain forming part of the central nervous system.

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4
Q

Hindbrain

A

The lower part of the brain that includes the cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata.

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5
Q

Anterior

A

Directed towards the front (when used in relation to our biology).

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6
Q

Posterior

A

Directed towards the back (when used in relation to our biology).

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7
Q

Cerebellum

A

An area of the brain near to the brainstem that controls motor movements (muscle activity).

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8
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Connects the upper brain to the spinal cord and controls automatic responses. It controls involuntary responses such as sneezing and breathing, as well as heart rate and blood pressure.

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9
Q

Involuntary response

A

A response to a stimulus that occurs without someone making a conscious choice. They are automatic, such as reflexes.

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10
Q

Neural connections

A

Links formed by messages passing from one nerve cell (neuron) to another.

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11
Q

Seriation

A

sorting objects into an order. Develops during concrete operational stage.

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12
Q

Conservation

A

The child knows that quantity, length or number are not related to shape e.g. juice test

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13
Q

Decentration

A

Ability to take on another’s viewpoint.

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14
Q

Symbolic Play

A

Children use other objects e.g. toys to represent other things. This develops at the pre-operational stage.

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15
Q

Egocentric

A

Unable to see the world from another’s point of view.

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16
Q

Animism

A

Belief that objects can behave as if they were alive.

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17
Q

Reversibility

A

Understanding that action can return something to its original state. Develops in the concrete operational stage.

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18
Q

Morality

A

General principle about what is right and wrong,

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19
Q

Schema

A

Mental representations of the world based on one’s own experiences

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20
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Infants use their senses and movements to get information about the world. at first they live in the present. They develop object permanence and learn to control their movements.

21
Q

Pre-operational stage

A

Children engage in symbolic play. They think in pictures and use symbols, including some words (the beginning of language development). Children are egocentric and show animism. Later in this stage they start reasoning and show centration and irreversibility.

22
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

Develops age 7 to 12 and involves development of abilities to such conservation, reversibility, seration and decentration.

23
Q

Formal operational stage

A

Develops around 12 years old and is associated with the moral reasoning and deductive reasoning.

24
Q

Equilibrium

A

When a child’s schemas can explain all that they experience - a state of mental balance may have resulted from new accomodation.

25
Q

Assimilation

A

Incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.

26
Q

Accommodation

A

When a schema has to be changed to deal with a new experience.

27
Q

Three Mountain Task

A

An experiment by Piaget and Inhelder which tested egocentricism

28
Q

Mindset

A

A belief about something which infuence our perceptions, interpretations of situations and how we behave.

29
Q

Fixed mindset

A

belief that abilities are unchangeable

30
Q

Growth mindset

A

belief that abilities are changeable

31
Q

Gunderson et al (2013)

A

A natural experiment showing process praise correlates to a belief that effort is worthwhile.

32
Q

3 - 4 weeks

A

forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain develops.

33
Q

6 weeks

A

cerebellum starts to develop

34
Q

20 weeks

A

medulla begins to develop

35
Q

Rehearsal/Drilling

A

Another word for practice. Can lead to the behaviour/thought becoming automatic.

36
Q

Self-regulation

A

An individuals ability to manage their own behaviour. Willingham suggests delaying reward can help this develop.

37
Q

Automatic

A

This happens when something is practised and leads to the thought/behaviour being performed with little thought.

38
Q

Working Model of Memory

A

A model of memory made up the central executive, visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop

39
Q

Motivational Framework

A

belief that effort drives ability (which can change)

40
Q

Process praise

A

praising what is being done rather than the individual.

41
Q

Person Praise

A

praising the individual rather than what they are doing.

42
Q

heteronomous rules

A

rules put into place by others

43
Q

autonomous rules

A

rules the individual decides themselves

44
Q

Social Norm

A

the values and customs of a scoiety directs the individual within its behaviour

45
Q

pre-conventional stage

A

A stage in Kholberg’s theory, whereby the child is moral, believes rules are fixed and makes moral judgements based on their own interest e.g. avoid punishment

46
Q

conventional stage

A

A stage in Kholberg’s theory, whereby the young person or adult wants to be seen as ‘good’ and conforming to social rules by obeying authority.

47
Q

post-conventional stage

A

A stage in Kholberg’s theory, whereby the individual has their own moral principles because laws are social contracts that individuals enter into. Moral reasoning is abstract and universal.

48
Q

Damon

A

Nativist theory of moral development, suggesting infants feel empathy and grown to understand why others feel upset

49
Q

nativist

A

a natural theory/viewpoint

Psychology (2 decks)

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