Developmental Psychology

Question 1

Who described himself as a constructivist? Freud/Piaget/Meltzoff/Locke

Answer 1

Piaget

Question 2

Which of the following are NOT stages of prenatal development

Embryonic stage/germinal stage/foetal stage/sensori-motor stage

Answer 2

Sensori-motor stage (in child development not prenatal)

Question 3

Longitudinal design does NOT allow for investigation of:

Developmental change/Cohort Effect/Developmental Continuity/Individual Differences

Answer 3

Cohort Effect

Question 4

Describe 2 flaws of Darwins method with his baby biography

Answer 4

• too generalised/biased

- didn’t pick up on visual abilities in children

Question 5

When might case studies be the only valid method?

Answer 5

If the individual has a unique disability, ability or gift

Question 6

Which method is best used for providing NORMATIVE data?

Answer 6

Cross-sectional method

Question 7

Problems with cohort effect

Answer 7

Measure of spatial ability may improve and be influenced

Question 8

Diescribe a longitudical design study

Answer 8

Long study with big research group; documenting development

Question 9

Describe a longitudinal design study

Answer 9

Long study with big research group; documenting development

Question 10

What does attrition mean?

Answer 10

Fall-out rate

Question 11

Disadv of Longitudinal design (3 things)

Answer 11

• expensive
• practically difficult
• dropouts

Question 12

Describe Cohort Design

Answer 12

compares individuals born at different times in history at the same stages of development

Question 13

What does ecological validity mean?

Answer 13

if ecologically valid; the research in labs can be related to real life

Question 14

Which design would you use to learn about the effects of historical change?

Answer 14

Cohort design

Question 15

Name 2 ways of improving observational records

Answer 15

• inter-rater reliability — more than one recorder, video recorder (deals with bias)
• ## video coding the behaviours

Question 16

Types of interview

Answer 16

semi-structured (allows u to obtain info more directly related to the research Q. the way diagnostics work)

open-ended (not good to draw data from)

questionnaires

Question 17

Which 3 things can longitudinal design investigate?

Answer 17

developmental change
developmental continuity
individual differences

Question 18

By what age do infants prefer symmetrical to asymmetrical patterns?

Answer 18

4 months

Question 19

Infants prefer patterns with curved or straight edges?

Answer 19

Curved

Question 20

At what age does preference for faces emerge?

Answer 20

2 months

Question 21

At what age does depth perception come into play

Answer 21

6-14months, will not crawl over cliff section

Question 22

At what age does shape constancy occur

Answer 22

Newborns

Question 23

Perception of object at whole occurs at what age

Answer 23

2 months old were aware of whole shape whereas newborn are not

Question 24

Empiricism meaning and examples of empiricists

Answer 24

Argues for blank slate, tabula rasa

John Locke 1960

Question 25

Who said ‘blooming buzzing confusion’ and what did they mean

Answer 25

James 1990 | Meaning the idea of empiricism that infants are a blank slate, v confused

Question 26

Nativist meaning and examples of nativists

Answer 26

Argues for innate abilities and templates | Descartes 1638, Kant 1781

Question 27

Constructivism

Answer 27

Knowledge is continuously created not pre formed | Piaget

Question 28

When might eye tracking not be a useful experimental study method

Answer 28

When the infant is younger than 2 months, as visual acuity is poor

Question 29

What can be used in infants to measure habituation

Answer 29

High amplitude sucking | Sucking declines as they habituate and increases when dishabituation occurs

Question 30

Describe the Entrainment Study by Phillips-silver and Trainor 2005

Answer 30

7mnth old infants were bounced in synchrony to one of two rhythmic patterns , preference was found for the one they had been bounced to - shown by how long they listened

Question 31

Explain the expectancy violation method

Answer 31

Tests the ability of infants to predict by looking at their eye movements in response to a change in object sequence. Allows you to tell if the infant had learned the sequence or not

Question 32

Explain conditioned head turning

Answer 32

Newborns turn their heads to new/interesting sights or voices, allows hearing thresholds and auditory discrimination to be tested

Question 33

Give an example of an experiment that used contingency or operant learning techniques

Answer 33

Ribbon attached to infants wrist, after baseline a stimulus was introduced that causes singing when the infant pulls. After 8 weeks increased pulling, showing an instinctual understanding that actions have consequences, OPERANT CONDITIONING THROUGH REWARD

Question 34

Describe Perceptual Narrowing

Answer 34

The loss of discrimination between phenomes to allow the child to focus on their own language

Question 35

By what age is the ability to discriminate between phenomes in other languages lots

Answer 35

12 months