Developmental Psychology Flashcards
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Focuses on the scientific study of the systematic process of change and stability in people from womb to tomb or the
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Growth and development are more obvious during infancy and childhood given the rapid pace of change.
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Development is a complex and multifaceted process which is shaped by interacting arcs of influence.
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Goals are to describe, to explain, to predict, and to intervene.
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Physical
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Cognitive
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Psychosocial
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The division of the periods is a social construct invented by a particular culture or society.
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Heredity
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Environment
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Maturation
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Human beings develop within social and historical contexts.
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Family
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Socioeconomic Status
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Risk Factor
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Culture and Race/Ethnicity
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The Historical Context
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Normative
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Nonnormative
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Critical Period
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Sensitive Period
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Paul B. Baltes and his colleagues identified 7 principles of a life-span approach.
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Development is lifelong
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Development is multidimensional
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Development is multidirectional
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Relative Influences of biology and culture shift over the life span
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Development involves changing resource allocations
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Development shows plasticity
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Development is influenced by the historical and cultural contexts
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A set of of logically related concepts or statements that seek to describe and explain development through generating
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Theorists explain development depends in their assumptions about two (2) basic issues: (1) whether people are active
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Quantitative Change
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Qualitative Change
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Psychosexual Perspective
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If children received too much gratification in any of these stages, they are at risk of Fixation–an arrest in
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Psychosocial Development
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Theoriest of learning perspective argued that development was the result of learning.
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The learning approach was the dominant ideology in the field of Psychology in the 1950s.
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Two major subtheories were:
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Behaviorism
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Social Learning Theory
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This perspective focuses on thought processes and the behavior that reflects those processes.
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Cognitive-Stage Theory
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Sociocultural Theory
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According to this perspective, development can be understood only on its social context.
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Individual is not separately interacting with the environment, but as an inseparable part of it.
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Bioecological Theory
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E.O. Wilson
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John Bowlby
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Quantitative Research
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Qualitative Research
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Self Reports
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Observation
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Behavioral and Performance measures
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Case Study
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Ethnographic studies
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Correlational studies
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Experiments
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Cross-Sectional Study – illustrates similarities and differences between people of different age.
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Longitudinal Study – tracks people over time and focuses on indvidual change with age.
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Sequential Study – combines two approaches to minimize drawbacks of separate approaches.
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Or conception, is the process by which sperm and ovum combine to create a cell called Zygote that duplicates itself
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At birth, a girl is believed to have about 2 million immature ova in her two ovaries, each ovum in its own follicle or
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In a sexually mature woman, ovulation (rupture of a mature follicle in either ovary) occurs every 28 days until
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Sperm (produced by the men’s testicles at a rate of hundred million a day and re ejaculated in the semen at sexual
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If fertilization does not occur, ovum passess through the uterus and exists through the vagine, while sperm are
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Dizygotic twins
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Monozygotic twins
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The process of genetic transmission of heritable characteristics from parents to offspring.
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The genetic code is carried out by DNA or Deoxyrubonouncleic Acid whose steps are made of pairs of chemical
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Chromosomes are coils of DNA that consists of smaller segment called Genes, which the complecte sequence of
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Through the cell division called meiosis, every cell in human body (exept the sex cells–sperm and ova) has 23 pairs
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Through the mitosis, a process by which non-sex cells divide in half over and over again, the DNA replicates itself.
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22 pairs of chromosomes are autosome–non sex chromosome and 1 sex chromosome.
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The mother contributes an X chromosome, and the sperm is the one carrying either X chromosome for femaleness,
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An X-carrying sperm will produce XX, a genetic female; a Y-carrying sperm will produce XY, a genetic male.
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When SRY gene signal the Y chromosome to turn on, formation of testes are triggered. This includes HOX genes
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X chromosome help to die off bad allele which females have 2; one normlly turned off or on in
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Genes that can produce alternative expressions are called alleles. And when both alleles are the same, the person is
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Most traits result from Polygenic inheritance.
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Environmental experience modifies the expression of the genotype for most traits called Multifactorial
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However, when a trait is not fully expressed, it is called Incomplete dominance.
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Dominant Inheritance
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Recssive Gene
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Genotype
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Phenotype
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Or Epigenetics is a phenomenon that occurs hwne genes are turned off or on as they are needed by the developing
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Twins are different despite having the same genomes, it is because their epigenomes differ.
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Siblings are also different because of nonshared environmental effects gwoing up.
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Epigenetic modifications may be heritable. Example is genetic imprinting; genetic information inherited from the
