Developmental Psychology Flashcards
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Focuses on the scientific study of the systematic process of change and stability in people from womb to tomb or the
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Growth and development are more obvious during infancy and childhood given the rapid pace of change.
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Development is a complex and multifaceted process which is shaped by interacting arcs of influence.
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Goals are to describe, to explain, to predict, and to intervene.
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Physical
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Cognitive
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Psychosocial
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The division of the periods is a social construct invented by a particular culture or society.
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Heredity
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Environment
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Maturation
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Human beings develop within social and historical contexts.
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Family
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Socioeconomic Status
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Risk Factor
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Culture and Race/Ethnicity
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The Historical Context
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Normative
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Nonnormative
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Critical Period
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Sensitive Period
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Paul B. Baltes and his colleagues identified 7 principles of a life-span approach.
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Development is lifelong
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Development is multidimensional
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Development is multidirectional
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Relative Influences of biology and culture shift over the life span
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Development involves changing resource allocations
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Development shows plasticity
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Development is influenced by the historical and cultural contexts
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A set of of logically related concepts or statements that seek to describe and explain development through generating
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Theorists explain development depends in their assumptions about two (2) basic issues: (1) whether people are active
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Quantitative Change
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Qualitative Change
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Psychosexual Perspective
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If children received too much gratification in any of these stages, they are at risk of Fixation–an arrest in
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Psychosocial Development
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Theoriest of learning perspective argued that development was the result of learning.
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The learning approach was the dominant ideology in the field of Psychology in the 1950s.
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Two major subtheories were:
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Behaviorism
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Social Learning Theory
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This perspective focuses on thought processes and the behavior that reflects those processes.
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Cognitive-Stage Theory
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Sociocultural Theory
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According to this perspective, development can be understood only on its social context.
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Individual is not separately interacting with the environment, but as an inseparable part of it.
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Bioecological Theory
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E.O. Wilson
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John Bowlby
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Quantitative Research
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Qualitative Research
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Self Reports
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Observation
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Behavioral and Performance measures
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Case Study
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Ethnographic studies
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Correlational studies
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Experiments
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Cross-Sectional Study – illustrates similarities and differences between people of different age.
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Longitudinal Study – tracks people over time and focuses on indvidual change with age.
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Sequential Study – combines two approaches to minimize drawbacks of separate approaches.
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Or conception, is the process by which sperm and ovum combine to create a cell called Zygote that duplicates itself
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At birth, a girl is believed to have about 2 million immature ova in her two ovaries, each ovum in its own follicle or
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In a sexually mature woman, ovulation (rupture of a mature follicle in either ovary) occurs every 28 days until
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Sperm (produced by the men’s testicles at a rate of hundred million a day and re ejaculated in the semen at sexual
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If fertilization does not occur, ovum passess through the uterus and exists through the vagine, while sperm are
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Dizygotic twins
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Monozygotic twins
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The process of genetic transmission of heritable characteristics from parents to offspring.
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The genetic code is carried out by DNA or Deoxyrubonouncleic Acid whose steps are made of pairs of chemical
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Chromosomes are coils of DNA that consists of smaller segment called Genes, which the complecte sequence of
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Through the cell division called meiosis, every cell in human body (exept the sex cells–sperm and ova) has 23 pairs
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Through the mitosis, a process by which non-sex cells divide in half over and over again, the DNA replicates itself.
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22 pairs of chromosomes are autosome–non sex chromosome and 1 sex chromosome.
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The mother contributes an X chromosome, and the sperm is the one carrying either X chromosome for femaleness,
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An X-carrying sperm will produce XX, a genetic female; a Y-carrying sperm will produce XY, a genetic male.
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When SRY gene signal the Y chromosome to turn on, formation of testes are triggered. This includes HOX genes
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X chromosome help to die off bad allele which females have 2; one normlly turned off or on in
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Genes that can produce alternative expressions are called alleles. And when both alleles are the same, the person is
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Most traits result from Polygenic inheritance.
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Environmental experience modifies the expression of the genotype for most traits called Multifactorial
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However, when a trait is not fully expressed, it is called Incomplete dominance.
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Dominant Inheritance
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Recssive Gene
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Genotype
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Phenotype
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Or Epigenetics is a phenomenon that occurs hwne genes are turned off or on as they are needed by the developing
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Twins are different despite having the same genomes, it is because their epigenomes differ.
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Siblings are also different because of nonshared environmental effects gwoing up.
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Epigenetic modifications may be heritable. Example is genetic imprinting; genetic information inherited from the
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Heritability determines whether trait is from genetics or environement.
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Reaction Range refers to a range of potential expressions of hereditary trait.
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The metaphor of canalization illustrates how heredity restricts the range of development of some traits; cognition
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Defects of similar environment conditions on genetically different individuals.
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Tendency of certain genetic and environmental influence to reinfoce each other.
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Genotype-Environment Correlation works in 3 ways:
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Beta Thalassemia (Cooley’s Anemia)
Severe anemia resulting in weakness, fatigue and illness
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Can help prospective parents assess their risk of bearing children with genetic or chromosomal defect.
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Genetic or Chromosomal defects can be shown through a chart called Karyotype.
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Gestation is a period of development between conception and birth; the gestational age starts from the mother’s last
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Cephalocaudal principle, in latin means “head to tail,”d dictates that development
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Proximodistal Principle, from latin means “near to far,” dictates that development starts form the center outwards.
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Germinal
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Embryonic
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Fetal
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Labor is brought by a series of uterine and cervical contraction (occurs 266 days after conception), and other canges
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A woman may feel false contraction known as Braxton-Hicks Conraction as early as 2nd trimester.
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Through Electronic Fetal Monitoring, fetus’s heartbeat can be monitored during labor and delivery however, may
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Longest; typically last 12-14 hours.
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During this stage, uterine contaction occurs 15-29 minutes apart; at the end of the stage, contractions occur every 2-5
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Lasts 1-2 hours.
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Lasts between 10 minutes-1 hour.
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The placenta and umbilical cord are expelled from the mother.
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Natural childbirth
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LeBoyer Method
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Water Childbirth
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Usage of Anesthesia
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Doula
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The neonatal period is the first 4 weeks of life, wherein the neonate of newbord is 20 inches long and 7 ½ pounds;
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The areas in the neonate’s head where the bones of the skull do not meet is called
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Some neonates are hairy because the lanugo (prenatal hair) has not fallen off, and covered with vermix caseosa (an
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Most of the transition of the baby after delivery occurs during the first 4 to 6 hours.
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As the umbilical cord cannot supply oxygen to the baby after the delivery, Anoxeia (lack of oxygen or hypoxia
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During the first few days, infants secretes meconium (stringy, greenish-black waste formed in the fetal intestinal
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The sprincter muscles automatically when the bowels and bladder are full which they can’t control for many months.
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The layers of fat helps infants to keep their body temperature; this could also be through activity increase when the
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3-4 days after birth, half of the babies develop neonatal jaudice (their skin and eyeballs turn yellow) caused by
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Apgar Scale
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Assessing Neurological Status: The Brazelton Scale
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Neonatal Screening for Medical Conditions
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Denver Development Screening Test
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Low Birth Weight (LBW)
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Postmaturity
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Stillbirth
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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
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Breastfeeding
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Milk Formula
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By the age of 6, the brain is almost adult size, but some parts remain to develop
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Brain Growth Spurts is when brain starts to develolop at 3 weeks after conception.
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Plasticity is molding of the brain through experience.
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Lateralization is the specialization of right and left hemisphere.
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Right Hemisphere
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Left Hemisphere
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Brain stem
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Hindbrain
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Midbrain
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Forebrain
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Frontal Lobe
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Parietal Lobe
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Temporal Lobe
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Occipital Lobe
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The brain is composed of neurons (produce Neurotransmitters that send information or signals) and glial cells
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Parts of the Neurons:
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As neurons function, they undergo the complementary process of integration (neurons makes sure that functions are
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Normal elimination of excess cells to function efficiently is called cell death.
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Myelination is the process of coating the neural pathways with substance called Myelin to enable signals to travel
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Primitive Reflexes
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Postural Reflexes
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Locomotor Reflexes
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Ability to perceive objects and surfaces three-dimensionally.
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Ability to acquire information about properties of objects
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Theory developed by Eleanor and James Gibson, which describes developing motor and perceptual skills that guides
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He experimented this through putting a baby on a visual cliff (illusion of depth).
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Behaviorist, psychometrician, piagetian, information-processing, cognitive neuroscience, anf social-contextual can
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Concenred with basic mechanics of learning.
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Two simple types of learning that behaviorists study are
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Rovee-Collier;s research suggests that infant’s memor processes are much like those of adults, though this
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Seeks measure Intelligent behavior (a behavior that is goal-oriented and adaptive to circumstances).
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Its goals is to measure what make up intelligence (such as reasoning and comprehension) to predict future
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This is measured through Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Test (seek to measure intelligence by comparing performance
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Tests for Infants and Toddlers:
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Effective Early Intervention (a process that aims to help families meet youn children’s developmental needs) are
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Describes qualitative stages in cognitive functioning.
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Substages of sensorimotor stage:
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Key Developments of the Sensorimotor stage includes:
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Dual Representation Hypothesis propose that childnre under 3 have difficulty grasping spatial relationships due to
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Links brain processes with cognitive ones
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Neurological developments help explain the emergence of of Piagetian skills and memory abilities
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Long term memory systems:
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Working Memory emeges between 6-12 months of age; short term storage of information the brain is currently
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Focuses on environmental influences, particularly parents and other caregivers
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Social interactions with adults contribute to cognitive competence through shared activities that help children learn
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Language:
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Although babies share common patterns of development, each shows a distinct personality (consistent blend of
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Subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes.
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Emotional development is orderly; complex emotions seem to develop from earlier, simpler ones.
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Brain development is closely linked with emotional development.
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Psychosocial Development of Infants and Toddlers:
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Crying
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Smiling and Laughing
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Facial Expressions
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Motor Activity
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Body Language
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Physiological Changes
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Self-conscious (such as embarrassment, empathy, and envy) and self-evaluative emotions (such as pride, shame,
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Activity intended to help another person with no expectation of reward.
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Altruism and emphaty is caused by a identified brain cells called mirror neurons (fires when a person does
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Early individual differences of babies; appears to be largely inborn and to have a biological basis
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These differences of Temperament patters are can be shaped by experiences
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Children may fall into 1 of 3 categories of temperament: easy, difficult, and slow to warm up
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Cross-cultural differences in temperament may reflect child-raising practices as appropriateness of environmental
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However, children can have a temperament called Behavioral Inhibition which asks how boldly or cautiously a
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Child-raising practices and caregiving roles vary around the world.
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Being a female or a male; it influences identity.
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Although significant gender differences typically do not appear until after infancy, U.S. fathers, especially, promote
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Developing Trust
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Developing Attachments
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Stranger Anxiety and Separation Anxiety
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Mutual Regulation
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Social Referencing
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Self Concept
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Development of Autonomy
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Socialization
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Internalization
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Conscience
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Situational Compliance
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Commited Compliance
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Receptive Cooperation
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Siblings
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Peer
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Mothers’ employment during a child’s first 3 years seems to have little impact on development, but cognitive
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Substitute child care varies in quality. The most important element in quality of care is the caregiver.
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Although quality, quantity, stability, and type of care influence psychosocial and cognitive development, the
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Most victims of maltreatment are infants and toddlers. Some die due to nonorganic failure to thrive (slowed
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Forms of maltreatment:
