developmental psych Flashcards
Assumptions of developmental area
there are clear and identifiable changes in behaviour as we progress through different life stages from conception to death
behaviour is influenced by biological stages of development and influences in our environment.
Background, aim and sample of Bandura’s study
Background- investigation social learning theory, previous research by Bandura only investigated observation and imitation in presence of model.
Aim- investigate social learning theory through mere observation of aggressive model, investigate if behaviour is imitated in presence and absence of model.
Sample- 72 children from Stanford University Nursery School, average age between 36 months and 69 months.
Banduras experimental design, research method, iv and dv
lab experiment and observation
a matched pairs design, prematched on aggression by female observer and nurusery teacher in playground before hand, rating on a scale of 1-5 for 4 categories and judged by score as a whole,
Iv- sex of child, sex of model and behaviour of model
Dv- level of aggression shown, observed by male observer, double blind observation through a one way mirror.
method of bandura
3 groups prematched on agg behaviour
G1- agg model
G2- non agg model
63-control
r1- G1- model initially plays with tinker toy, then moves to bobo doll, stamps on it, kcks, throws across room shouts sock him in the nose REPEATED 3 TIMES
g2- model assembles tinker toy
r2- all groups
-children given appealing toys like a fire engine, told they can play with them but then after 2 mins researcher takes them off the children and says they are reserved for other children
MATCH FOR LEVEL OF AGGRESSIVE AROUSAL
r3- all groups
-children have fixed order of aggressive (bobo doll) and non aggressive toys
play with them for 20 minutes
observed through one way mirror, double blind observation.
Bandura’s results and conclusions
Children in agg condition showed significantly more verbal and physical aggression than other children
boys in agg male model had highest level of aggression with 25.8
kids thought it was inappropriate for female model to act in agg way “ thats not a way for a lady to behave”
conclusions-
adults legitimise behaviour
children will imitate behaviours even when model is not present
male adults have a greater influence due to gender socialisation
Bandura issues and debates
practical apps- 9pm watershed good but snapshot dk long term
science- YES, quantative data, standardised proc, controlled environment,
determinism
nurture
situational
reductionist
ethics- no informed consent (parents were unaware), protection from harm ( agg model may of scared), no debrief,
Kohlbergs background and each level and stage
background-piaget said children all understand others perspectives by 8, moral reasoning is developed by adolescense. Structural approach to moral development, systematic 3 level 6 stage sequence of development.
levels- A-preconventional (4-10) focused on self interests
1. punishment and obedience orientation- follows rules to avoid punishment.
2. Instrumental- relativist orientation- follow behaviour for rewards.
B- Conventional- more focused on society as a whole, from rules and approval of others.
3. Good boy- good girl orientation- “good” behaviour pleases others
4. Law and order orientation- obeying laws is important.
C-post conventional- based on respect for deomcratically agreed rules but also personal conscience.
5. Social contract orientation- “right is what is democratically agreed upon”
6. Universal principles orientation- moral action taken based upon self chosen principles
Kohlberg aim
investigate development in moral reasoning throughout adolescece and early adult hood. Secondary aim to assess extent changes hold true in range of cultural contexts.
Kohlberg research method and sample
longtiduinal study
sample- 75 american boys who were 10-16 at the beginning, followed at 3 year intervals to 22-28
also studied in boys from Great Britain, Canada, Taiwan, Mexico and Turkey.
Kohlberg procedure
course of 12 years, 75 american boys was present with hypothetical philosophical moral dilemmas,
stories were to determine pps stage of moral reasoning for all 25 moral concepts
they were asked what the character in the dilemma should do
aspects included- motive given
-value of human life, tested by asking particpant. e.g age 10- is it better to save on important person or loads of unimportant person.
using different cultures- Taiwan and other countries were cross sectional, rather than logitudinal.
Kohlberg results
Kohlberg proposed moral development went through 3 levels and 6 stages
progress through stages as you get older
were passed through stage by stage in fixed order, did not go back or miss a stage
pps were seen as being in a stage when 50% of responses fell into that stage.
cross cultural- age of 16, stage 5 was more in USA than mexico and taiwan, was reached at a later age.
middle class chidlren found to be more advanced in moral judgement than lower class.
no differences between relgions
Kohlbergs conclusions
there is invariant development sequence in individuals moral development
middle class move faster, showing impact of environment.
Kohlbergs practical applications
PSHE class, student and teahcer work otgether to base rules of ethical principles, encouraging more cooperation and therefore better behaviour
Kohlbergs debates
nature/ individual- stages of moral development are bioligcally driven,
nurutre/ situational- middle class children go through stages are quicker.
determinism- predetermined to move through the 6 stages.
psych as a science- standardised procedure, but respones can be viewed as subjective.
reductionist- reduces biological development to just bioligcal maturation
holistic- consider cultural and social factors.
Chaney background
asthmatic compliance in kids is 30 to 70%, this needed improving, Chaney wanted to investigiate effectivneess of positive reinforcement for medical regimes in kids
Chaney aim
to test whether the funhaler could provide postitve reinforcement to improvement adherence in child asthmatics compared to normal inhalers.
Chaneys research method, design, IV and DV
field experiment in pps home
repeated measures-used both funhaler and normal
IV- type of inhaler used- normal or funhaler
DV- amount of adherence
Chaneys sample and sampling method
32 children 22m and 10f, from Perth
range between 1.5yrs and 6
parents gave informed consent
random sampling, through the local doctors
Chaneys procedure
funhaler had spin and whistle encouraging kids to take deep breaths through it
parents consented to it over phone, then visited and told aims
paretns given questionnaire of closed questions about the normal inhaler, not shown funhaler in case this would influence anything
parents given funhaler to use for 2 weeks, under adult supervision
amount of usage was assessed by random phone calls
parents visited at end of 2 weeks, and 2nd questionnaire used, same parent used
Chaneys result
kids used funhaler more
60% more children took recommened 4 or more doses
22/30 were classed as always successful in medicating their kid, compared to 3/30
Chaneys conclusion
operant conditioning is useful for managing medical regimes of children
use of self reinforcement strategies can improve overall health of children
