Developmental Psyc Flashcards
what is developmental psyc?
study of physical, cognitive and social changes over ones lifetime
nature vs nurture?
nature- influenced by genetics
nurture- influenced by environment
what parts of humans generally remain stable over lifespan? what change?
stable- temperament and personality
change-interests and habits
what does prenatal development describe?
At each stage different genetic and environmental factors affect development
what happens at 6 months?
fetus exposed to mothers voice and has a preference towards her voice
does learning begin in womb?
yes
what are inborn skills?
reflex responses a newborn has that are a response to human evolution
not learned but instinctive
what is the rooting reflex? the startle?
rooting-to ensure food, responds to touch around mouth
startle- arms and legs splay, followed by crying
what is the grasping reflex? stepping? Babinski?
grasping- clings onto arms and fingers
stepping- precursor to walking
babinski- toes fan out when bottom of foot is stroked
how can we explore infants mental abilites?
eye tracking and timing of how long they look at certain images
how are newborns conditioned for socialization
turn heads to human voices
can distinguish smell of their mother
brain maturation from birth to 3yrs old
branching neural networks enable walking talking and. memory
brain maturation from 3 to 6yrs old
frontal lobe develops, enables rational planning
what area develops last?
brains association area (memory )
motor development from birth -3yrs
physical coordination
muscles and nervous system matures
skills emerge
is motor development universsal?
yes
roll over-sit -crawl—walk
What is cognition?
the mental thinking associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
what was piaget interested in?
the trends in the mistakes children would make
what are schemas?
mental molds pour brain groups things by
Assimilation vs accommodation
assim- incorporating new experiences into current schemas
accom- restructing our schema to accommodate info better
what are piagets 4 stages of cognitive development?
sensirimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational
explain the sensorimotor stage
born-2y/o
infants learn by sensing what is around them and moving around
have no sense of object permanence
What are some considerations of piagets sensorimotor stage?
Baillargeon proves babies have sense of physics and math at young age
-act suprised when ball stops mid air
Explain the preoperational stage
2-6/7 y/o able to: represent schemas with words pretend play use intuition but not logic cannot: picture other POV don't have theory of mind
what is egocentrism
“i am centre of the world”
what is theory of mind
the ability to understand that others have there own thoughts and perspectives
Preoperational stage considerations
some of the characteristics don’t fit perfectly into this model
explain the concrete operational stage
7-12y/o
learn how various actions can affect concrete ideas
cannot picture conservation of properties
explain formal operational stage
12- adulthood
expands from concrete thinking to abstract
what have new psychologists discovered about piagets stages of cognitive development
it was flawed
- development is continuous
- children can show mental abilities / operations at early age
- formal logic is smaller part of cognition than piaget thought
what is adolesence?
transition period form puberty to independence
-frontal lobe development, synaptic pruning and irrational/risky behaviours
what are kohlbergs levels of moral thinking?
preconventional
conventional
postconventional
explain the preconventional moral thinking
Before age 9
self interest
obeys rules to avoid punishment/ be rewarded
explain the conventional moral thinking
early adolescence
upholds laws to maintain order/ to fit in
explain the postconventional moral thinking
adolescence and beyond
self defined ethical principles
basic rights
what is the ethics of care theory?
by carol gilligan masc and fem moral thinking masc--> logical and indivulistic femm-->protect interpersonal relationships can be used to explain workplace dynamic
what is the best approach to moral thinking
an androgynous approach
what is early adulthood? middle? late?
early-20-30
middle- to age 65
late - post 65
how to study age related changes?
Cross sectional studies
longitudal studies
issues with cross sectional?
older people grew up in a different time period then younger: changes may be due to time period
issues with longitudal?
people may die, quit, move away
Types of parenting styles
permissive
authoritative
neglectful
authoritarian
explain the permissive parenting style?
avoids conflict with. child
little rules
child driven
Explain the authoritative parenting style?
solves problems with child
clear rules and expectations
open communication
explain the neglectful parenting style?
absent
little guidance
indifferent
explain the authoritarian parenting style?
strict
parent driven
one way communication
little understanding
