Developmental Perspective; Developmental Periods

Question 1

the study of changes in motor BEHAVIOR across the LIFESPAN, the PROCESSES that underlie these CHANGES, and the FACTORS that influence them

Answer 1

motor development

Question 2

Motor control, motor learning, and/or motor development:

Which of the above necessarily involves changes in motor behavior?

Answer 2

motor learning and motor development

Question 3

motor control

Answer 3

Motor control, motor learning, and/or motor development:

Which one describes: the functioning of the neuromuscular system to activate and coordinate the muscles and limbs involved in the performance of a motor skill

Question 4

motor learning

Answer 4

Motor control, motor learning, and/or motor development:

which one describes: the relatively permanent CHANGES in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience

Question 5

motor development

Answer 5

Motor control, motor learning, and/or motor development:

which one describes: the CHANGES in motor behavior over the lifespan and the process(es) which underlie these changes

Question 6

Age related, NOT age determined

Answer 6

Age may play a role in slowing down the body, but does not directly contribute to an individual being able to do something

Ex; 100 y/o man being able to complete a 100 yard dash. He was the slowest one (due to age), but was still able to do it

Question 7

motor milestone

Answer 7

the first appearance of a type of motor behavior

a QUALITATIVE change in motor behavior

this is also sequential and individual

ex; lifting head, chest up, rolls, sitting, crawling, standing, walking within 16 months

Question 8

sequential in some respects

Answer 8

the development of sitting, pull to stand, cruising, and crawling is:

not at all sequential
sequential in some respects
strictly sequential

Question 9

phylogenetic motor skills

Answer 9

motor skills that are typical for a species, such as humans

skills that emerge during typical development

ex; walking in humans

Question 10

ontogenetic motor skills

Answer 10

motor skills that are characteristic of an individual

skills that do not necessarily emerge during typical development

ex; skating in humans

Question 11

phylogenetic

Answer 11

what type of motor skill is hands and knees crawling?

Question 12

reflexive period

Answer 12

what period starts at about the 3rd month of gestation (when movement begins in the womb)?

also: ends roughly 2 weeks after birth when other types of movement become more prominent

Question 13

reflexive period

Answer 13

what period is characterized by a stereotypical response to a specific stimulus?

insures the survival of individual

Question 14

spontaneous movements

Answer 14

movements that appear without any apparent external stimulus

Question 15

pre-adapted period

Answer 15

what period: the genetic predisposition for individuals to develop phylogenetic motor skills

characteristics:
- predisposition for certain motor behaviors
- species-typical behaviors (phylogenetic)
- require very little specific environmental support
- biological constraints play a very important role

Question 16

pre-adapted period

Answer 16

what period:
starts proximally at 2 weeks after birth and ends roughly at age 1 year with the attainment of:
- independent walking
- independent feeding

Question 17

fundamental motor patterns period

Answer 17

what period: characterized as the development of motor behaviors that are believed to be fundamental or essential to later developing motor skills

building blocks: fundamental patterns of coordination

necessary for later context-specific skills

Question 18

fundamental motor patterns period

Answer 18

what period:
generally phylogenetic skills: those that always emerge during typical development

requires experience
- more specific than pre-adapted skills
- not as specific as context-specific skills

ends roughly at age 7 years with emergence of more context-specific skills

Question 19

fundamental motor patterns period

Answer 19

what period:
- locomotor patterns of coordination (walking–> running)
- projecting and intercepting objects (throwing a baseball, kicking a soccer ball, hitting a tennis ball)
- manipulating objects/tools (writing, eating, holding/interacting with something)

Question 20

context-specific period

Answer 20

what period:
skills not typical for all humans ~ ontogenetic skills

acquisition of these skills is dependent on context-based knowledges and experiences
- promoted by family, friends, culture
- practices and instruction become important mediators
- coincides with changes in cognitive capabilities

both fine and gross motor skills

between ages 7-11 years `

Question 21

skillful period

Answer 21

what period:
potential to perform some motor skills at a high level of skillfulness
- which skills vary greatly across individuals
- when skillfulness is achieved depends on skill and individual

Question 22

compensation period

Answer 22

which period:
the least sequential of the periods

an individual enters this period due to either:
- injury
- aging

Question 23

compensation period

Answer 23

which period:
characteristics~
- motor skill performance shows a compensation from previous level of skillfulness
- performance often not optimal but can still be skillful
- onset highly variable across individuals and skills
- may be temporarily in the case of injury