Developmental Motor Learning Flashcards
Define and provide an example for motor learning, developmental motor learning, motor skills, open motor skill, closed motor skill, gross motor skill, fine motor skill, motor ability.
motor learning: A relatively permanent change in motor skill brought about by practice or experience, that cannot be seen and must be measured through a retention test (days/weeks)
ex. learning to sing a song
developmental motor learning: The changes of motor skill adaptation brought about by practice or experience, dependant on the mover’s point in their life-span and the long-period of skill acquisition (months/years)
ex.
motor skills: Voluntary, coordination of body segments to produce a movement towards achieving a
desired outcome
ex. throwing a baseball
open motor skill: changing environment, variables
ex. basketball game
closed motor skill: predictive
ex. free throw shot
fine motor skill: small detailed movement
gross motor skill: large multi-segment movement
motor ability: The general trait or capacity of
the individual that is related to performance of a variety of motor skills.
- The underlying components required to perform a motor skill:
- Aiming, balance, multilimb coordination, etc.
State and identify where motor memories are housed in the brain.
Left Parietal Lobe
State and explain the stages of developmental motor learning according to Fitts & Posner
model.
3 Stages of Motor Learning
1) Cognitive Stage
● Time and energy trying to understand
the task
● Trial and error
2) Associative Stage
● Environmental cues paired with motor skill demands and perception
● Less attentional demand needed
3) Autonomous Stage
● Minimal thought needed
● Some never reach this stage
State and explain the three stages of developmental motor learning according to
Bernstein’s model.
Degrees of Freedom
1) Freezing degrees of Freedom
● Limit joints that move
● Early learners often do this
2) Releasing degrees of Freedom
● Essential elements of the
movement
3) Exploiting degrees of Freedom
● Reorganize degrees of freedom to maximize efficiency and effectiveness
Compare and contrast the two developmental motor learning models.
Identify trends representative of each age cohort for motor learning.
young children need to explore and develop an understanding of basic motor affordances, and thus perform poorer on motor learning (of motor skills).
Children who have fundamentals achieved can demonstrate exceptional motor learning
Adolescents & young adults reach peak perception, neuroplasticity, and nerve conduction, and thus peak motor learning.
Adults generally plateau in these capacities.
Older adults can demonstrate good learning levels, despite decline in
overall neuroplasticity capacity and nerve conduction speed.
- Increased task structure, task complexity, task difficulty, lower familiarity level leads to decreases in performance/learning
State at which age cohorts we typically see exceptional, and poor motor learning, and why
exceptional: adolescence/young adult -reach peak perception, neuroplasticity, and nerve conduction
poor: young children - need to explore and develop an understanding of basic motor affordances
Identify in which cases older adults demonstrate relatively poor, or good motor
learning/motor performance skills
Older adults can demonstrate good learning levels, despite decline in overall neuroplasticity capacity and nerve conduction speed.
Poor: Increased task structure, task complexity, task difficulty, lower familiarity level leads to decreases in performance/learning
good: less structure, less complexity, higher familiarity
State the best manner to apply motor learning for children learning new motor skills.
Blocked Practice
- Ideal for young or new learners
- Simple motor skill performance
increases quickly
- Retention or game scenario poor
Practice Format
Discovery-based Learning (Newell & Rovengo, 2021)
- Great for young or new learners with rutamentry skill capacity
- Particularly great for invasion sports (basketball, hockey, soccer, etc.)
- Players (and when needed coaches) change constraints to increase the variety of contexts skills are explored in.
- Learn both generalizability and specialization
