Developmental/Lifespan Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 2 types of developmental change?
A
Qualitative Change-Development occurs in distinct Stages
Quantitative Change-Development is continuous; occurs gradually over time
2
Q
What are the 4 factors that influence development?
A
Genetic Factors
Environmental Factors
Normative Factors
Non-Normative Factors
3
Q
What are the environmental factors that influence development?
(Mneumonic: (Many Monkeys Eat Macaroni Chronically)
A
Microsystems-Direct interaction (parents/teachers)
Mesosystems-Bidirectional/links btwn microsystems (home/school/work/friends)
Exosystems-2 or more settings; 1 does not include the person (parent’s job)
Macrosystems-Influence of culture/religion/SES
Chronosystems-Passage of time; changes that occur in one’s life (family, school, economy, war)
4
Q
Who are the qualitative theorists?
A
Piaget/Kohlberg/Erickson
5
Q
Who are the quantitative theorists
A
Robbie Case
6
Q
Who was the theorist who proposed an ecological approach to development that includes 5 levels of environmental influence?
A
Urie Bronfenbrenner
7
Q
What is a microsystem?
A
The first level of environmental influence that involves direct, daily contact with the individual (home/school/work neighborhood)
8
Q
What is a mesosystem?
A
The various links between microsystems (e.g. Parents participate in Parent-Teacher night)
9
Q
What is an exosystem?
A
The relationship between 2 or more settings in which at least 1 of them DOES NOT include the person. (e.g. The parents job INDIRECTLY impacts the child through parental stress, absence, etc…)
10
Q
What is a macrosystem?
A
Includes the influence of culture, SES, Religion, Economy & Political System
11
Q
What is a chronosystem?
A
The events resulting from the passage of time (e.g. economic growth, war, birth of siblings, moving to a new neighborhood)
12
Q
Name 2 other determinants of overall development
A
Normative & Non-normative
13
Q
What is a normative influence of development?
A
The events that occur in a similar way for most people
1. “age-graded”
2. “history graded”
14
Q
What is a non-normative influence of development
A
Unusual events that have a major impact on and individual’s life (e.g. birth defect, death of a parent, natural catastrophe)
15
Q
What are age-graded normative events?
A
Events that are commonly experienced by people of a particular group (kindergarten, prom, menopause, retirement)
16
Q
What are history-graded normative events?
A
An event that is common to a particular cohort (e.g. the Great Depression, Viet Nam War, the impact of television or the internet)
17
Q
What is a critical period of development?
A
A critical period is a specific time in an organism’s life when a particular phenomenon MUST occur or it will never happen. (e.g. teratogenic stage of organ development)
18
Q
What is a sensitive period of development?
A
A sensitive period is a stage in which stimulation and learning has MORE of an impact than any other times, BUT, development CAN still occur later on (e.g. language & human attachment)
19
Q
How many chromosomes do human cells carry?
A
46 chromosomes; 23 pairs per parent.
20
Q
What can be found on chromosomes?
A
Thousands of genes, which composed of DNA & RNA
21
Q
What is the purpose of genes
A
To transmit hereditary traits
22
Q
What are autosomes?
A
Chromosomes that are not involves in sexual expression
23
Q
What is unique about the 23rd chromosome?
A
Sex-determining; 1 chromosome from mother (X); 1 chromosome from father (X) or (Y).
24
Q
What is the genetic combination that results in a Male? A Female?
A
Male=XY; Female=XX
25
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype is the random and unique collection of genetic material (both expressed and unexpressed)
Phenotype the the manifestation of that unique combination (e.g. brown skin, green eyes, hair color, height, etc...)
26
What percentage of American babies are born with disabilities?`
6%
27
What genetic abnormalities are due to autosomal defects?
Phenylketonuria (PKU)-Phenylalanine sensitive resulting in severe retardation if exposed; Phenaylalanine-free diet
Sickle-Cell Anemia (Autosomal Recessive), deformed red, blood cells sickle causing extreme physical pain
Mental Retardation-3 chromosomes on #21, broad skull, slanted eyes, physical deformities, low I.Q.
28
What are the characteristics of Klinefelter's Disease?
XXY-Men are taller, lower I.Q. partial breasts, small testicles, high-pitched voice, unable to have children
29
What are the characteristics of Turner's Syndrome?
XO-Women do not ovulate or menstruate, normal intelligence, but abnormal development of secondary sex characteristics.
30
What are the characteristics of Hemophilia?`
Causes excessive bleeding; inhibits clotting, found predominantly in males and requires transfusions
31
What are the characteristics of Sickle-Cell Anemia
Deformed red, blood cells that cause extreme pain, impacts mostly African-Americans (1 in 500), Autosomal Recessive)
32
What genetic abnormalities are caused by sex-linked recessive disorders?
Klinefelter's Syndrome (XXY)
Turner's Syndrome (X0)
Hemophilia (Recessive D.O.)
33
Name the 3 stages of prenatal development
The Germinal (Conception-2 weeks)
Embryonic & (2-12 weeks)
Fetal Periods (12 weeks-
Birth)
34
What development occurs during the Germinal Period?
The zygote rapidly divides and and implant itself into the uterus wall.
(aka Conception & Implantation)
35
What development occurs during the Embryonic Period
The development of major organ systems/structures
It is the teratogenic stage
36
What development occurs during the Fetal Period
Increase in growth, complexity of organs (e.g. nails/lashes), cephalocaudal growth
37
What are some of the maternal factors that impact pre-natal development?
Nutrition
Alcohol Consumption (FAS)
Cocaine
Nicotine
38
What impact does alcohol consumption have on fetal development?
Fetal Alcohol Syndome-Delayed growth, physical deformities, delayed motor development, decreased intelligence, learning disabilities
39
What impact does poor nutrition have on fetal development?
Inhibits physical growth and brain development
40
What impact does cocaine have on fetal development?
Spontaneous abortion, small head, lack of alertness, poor organization, language skills, emotional attachment.
41
What impact does nicotine consumption have on fetal development?
Infant death, low birth weight, poor attention span, hyperactivity, lower I.Q, and perceptual-motor problems.
42
What is sexual dimorphism?
The systematic differences between individuals of different sex in the same species
It's impacted by biology AND environment
43
Give and example of sexual dimorphism in humans.
Women have a denser Corpus Collosum thus allowing them to process emotions quicker than men,
44
What are the 5 reflexes that develop during infancy?
The Moro Reflex-Extends head, legs, arms, arches back when startled
The Babinski Reflex-Spreading toes when foot is stroked
The Rooting Reflex-searches for nipple and sucks when cheek is stroked
The Grasping Reflex-fist around object placed in hand
The Sucking Reflex-when lips are stroked
45
What perceptions do infants have?
Touch (the first to develop) pain, taste (prefer sweet over bitter/sour), hearing (prefer female voices), smell is well developed at birth. Infants prefer the smell of mother's milk over a strangers.
46
What is vision like at birth?`
Vision is poor at birth, infants are attracted to faces and intricate, black & white patterns.
47
Say more about vision at birth.
At 1 month old, infant prefers mother's face
2 months, baby smiles when mask is presented
2-3 mos. Cross-modal fluency; the ability to imitate facial expressions
Binocular vision occurs at 4-5 months old
20/20 vision at 6 mos.-2 years
48
List milestones in motor development
6 weeks-Baby lifts head
4 mos.-Rolls over
7 mos.-Sits alone
9 mos. Crawling/Stands w/support
12 mos.-Stands alone
12-15 mos.-1st steps/walks alone
16 mos.-Walks up stairs
24 mos.-Toilet Training
49
What are the 5 stages of brain development?
Proliferation
Migration
Differentiation
Myelination
Synaptogenesis
50
Describe each of the 5 stages of brain development
Proliferation-(2-3 weeks)
New cells created in the neural tube
Migration-(8 weeks)
Immature neurons migrate to specific brain locations and start to join other neurons to form structures
Differentiation-Neurons take on a more distinct look, developing axons and dendrites.
Myelination-Myelin sheath develops around axons/neurons. (Occurs Post-Natally)
Synaptogenesis-Synapses are formed and occurs post-natally
51
What physical abilities gradually decline in middle and late adulthood.
Decline in cardiac output, hearing and vision and increase in blood pressure.
52
What is primary aging?
The inevitable changes in physical and mental processes, which are genetically controlled and due to the wear and tear on the body.
53
What is secondary aging?
The physical impact of disuse, disease and neglect of the body.
54
How is sex drive influenced by the aging process?
Men can be sexually active well into their 80s. For women, sex drive does not decline with age and women can remain sexually active indefinitely. Major challenge for older women: The availability of sex partners.
55
What is frequency of sexual activity in older age based upon?
The frequency is consistent with the frequency in younger life.
56
What is the difference between the sexual activity of aging men and women?
Men can generally engage in sexual activity into their 80s.
Women can be sexually active for as long as they live.
57
What is the Health Belief Model
How perspectives of vulnerability and beliefs about illness influences health behaviors
The extent to which a person modifies diet, exercises and feels vulnerable to, or able to prevent disease.
58
What are the health factors that affect developmental outcomes?
Perceptions of control and behaviors that increase or decrease health (The Health Belief Model), health risk factors, life expectancy, stress and health.
59
What health risk factors impact aging?
Smoking, overeating, lack of exercise, nutritional choices, obesity. Nutrition is a major factor for th elderly
60
What stress-relief factors improve health and well-being during the aging process?
A good social support network reduces the risk of emotional distress, particularly in the elderly.(Called the Social Buffer Hypothesis)
61
Name the assessment tool that measures the relationship between life stress and stress-Illness.
The Holmes & Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale (1967)
62
What are the 7 stages of language development?
Crying Echolalia
Cooing Holographic Speech
Babbling Telegraphic Speech
Word Comprehension
63
At was stage of language development does CRYING predominate?
Neonate/Newborn-only method of communication articulates hunger, sleepiness, anger.
64
At was stage of language development does COOING predominate?
Cooing-6 weeks-3 mos.
Includes cooing, squeals, giggles, gurggles, ahhhs...
65
At was stage of language development does BABBLING predominate?
Babbling-4-6 mos.
Repeating consonant-vowel sounds
Develop their own language
66
At was stage of language development does WORD COMPREHENSION predominate?
Word Comprehension-
(9-10 mos.)
Babies understand words such as "No".
67
At what stage of language development does ECHOLALIA predominate?
Echolalia-(9-10 mos.)
Deliberate imitation of sounds w/o comprehension
Lose the ability to differentiate sounds that are not part of their primary language
68
At was stage of language development does HOLOGRAPHIC SPEECH predominate?
Holographic Speech-(12-18 mos.)
Use a single word or syllable to express a complete thought.
"Up!" for "Pick me up!"
Note: First word spoken around 10-14 mos.
Phoneme-"Da!"
Morheme-"Da-Da!"
*Median vocabulary 50 words
69
At was stage of language development does TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH predominate?
Telegraphic Speech-(18-24 mos.)
2 words combined to form a complete thought
"Up, Boo!" for "Pick me up, Kenny, Boo!"
* Median vocabulary 200 words
70
Name the 3 theories of language development
The Nativist View
The Nurturist View
The Interactionist View
71
What is the Nativist View of of language development?
Noam Chomsky theorized that children are pre-wired and have an innate language acquisition device.
Evidence: Without formal instruction children learn language sequence similarly
72
What is the Nurturist View of language development?
Language acquisition occurs as a result of interaction with the environment and from reinforcement of random sounds.
Mommy say, "YES! Ma-Ma!"
73
What is the Interactionist View of language development
Most popular view.
Language occurs as a result of both innate tendencies AND reinforcement; Nature AND Nurture
"Motherese"-Child-directed, slow, repetitive, high pitched speech
74
What gender-differences occur with mothers and their children in the development of speech?
Mothers speak to their children in a slow, repetitive, high-pitched tone called "motherese".
Mothers speak to their daughters more than to sons, therefore, girls are more advanced than boys in language development
75
What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?
States that speakers of different languages THINK differently due to differences in the structure of language
Therefore, language influences how we think
76
What is Dyslexia?
Refers to difficulties in reading; difficulty matching speech sounds with written words
77
What are the 4 types of Dyslexia?
Deep Dyslexia
Surface Dyslexia
Phonological Dyslexia
Neglect
78
What is Deep Dyslexia
Person mistakenly reads a given word as one with similar meaning
(e.g. Word is coat, but says "jacket")
79
What is Surface Dyslexia?
Person has no word recognition; can not recognize words; must sound them out.
80
What is Phonological Dyslexia?
Persona cannot read non-words aloud; otherwise, reading is perfect
(e.g. Can't read "squilfish")
81
What is Neglect?
Misreading the first or last half of a word.
(e.g. reads "slap" as "slit")
82
Who are the most notable developmental, cognitive psychologist?
Piaget
Vygotsky
83
What were Piaget's contributions to developmental psychology?
Piaget created a "stage" theory (epigenesis) based on his observation of his own children (idiographic approach)
He proposed that children have an innate capacity for adapting to the environment and that their intellect is different from adults
People progress through distinct stages in cognitive/intellectual development
84
What is epigenesis?
Piaget's belief that people progress through distinct stages in cognitive/intellectual development and...
Each stage is built on the successful completion of the previous stage
85
What are Piaget's 3 basis principles of cognitive development?
Organization
Adaptation
Equilibration
86
What are the tenets of Organization?
Refers to increasingly complex systems of knowledge; mental representations called "schemas"
87
What are the tenets of Adaptation?
How a person copes with new information; changes to a person's schema to promote survival
88
What is Assimilation?
A form of adaptation that allows a person to take new experiences and incorporate them into existing structures.
(e.g. understanding that the new word/concept/of "eagle" fits into the pre-existing schema of "birds")
89
What is Accomodation?
Adjusting reality demands by reorganizing or modifying the existing schema.
(e.g. create a new schema for eagles or planes)
90
What are the tenets of Equilibration?
Striving for balance between the person/environment/schemas
(e.g. a child that can't understand a concept will move toward accomodation, new patterns to restore equilbrium)
Decollage=Uneveness of cognitive development
91
What are Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development?
The Sensory Motor Stage
The Pre-Operational Stage
The ConcreteOperational Stage
The Formal Operational Stage
92
When does the Sensory Motor Stage occur?
Birth-2 years
Sage when infants learn though sensory observation, gain control of motor functions through activity, exploration, manipulation of the environment.
Characterized by OBJECT PERMANENCE & SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION
93
When does the Pre-Operational Stage occur?
2-7 years
Increased use of symbols and language
Includes egocentrism, phenomenalistic ausality, animism, irreversibility, and centration
94
When does the Concrete Operational Stage occur?
7-11 years
Includes Operational Thought and Conservation
95
When does the Formal Operational Stage occur?
11-18 years
Includes Abstract reasoning and Metacognitions where one can "think about how they think" aka Mindfulness
96
What is "constructivism"?
A Piagetian construct asserting that a person develops knowlege based on the foundation of previous knowledge, based on interaction with the environment.
97
What is a Constructivist?
Teacher that functions as a facilitator who places focus on the student by assisting the student to construct their own conceptualizations and solutions to problems.
98
What is object permanence? (Sensory Motor Stage)
3- 8 mos.
The ability to understand that objects (e.g. mother) exist independent of the child's involvement with them.
Results in Separation protest/anxiety and stranger anxiety
99
What is Symbolic Representation?
(Sensory Motor Stage)
Symbolic representation of what they see as words (e.g. chair, horse, mommy)
100
What is egocentrism?
(Pre-Operational Stage)
Child thinks everyone sees and understands from his/her perspective; no sense of other perspectives other than their own.
101
What is Phenomenalistic Causality?
(Pre-Operational Stage)
Aka. Magical Thinking. Synchronicity...Events that occur in close time proximity are causal
(e.g. Maya Angelou/Selective Mutisim)
102
What is Animism?
(Pre-Operational Stage)
Endowing inanimate objects with human qualities.
(e.g. dolls/teddy bears)
103
What is Irreversibility?
(Pre-Operational Stage)
The inability to mentally reverse something
(e.g. clay rolled into a ball can not be conceived as "unrolled")
104
What is Centration?
(Pre-Operational Stage)
The ability to only focus on one aspect of a problem at a time.
(e.g. Can't conceptualize mother as dad's wife or aunt's sister)
105
What is Operational Thought?
(Concrete Operational Stage)
Egocentric thought is replaced with logical thought, organzation, categorizing, following rules, seeing things from multiple perspectives
106
What is Conservation?
(Concrete Operational Stage)
The ability to understand that even though shape & form might change, the objects still conserve other characteristics.
(e.g pouring 1 cup of water into a flat pan is the same amount of water when poured into a tall glass)
107
What is Intuitive Thinking
(Pre-Operational Stage)
Children think intuitively, NOT Logically
108
Who was Vygotsky?
A Cognitive Theorist who believed that cognitive development results from social interaction.
109
How did Vygotsky's philosophy of cognitive development differ from Piaget's?
Vygotsky believed that cognitive development was too complex to divide into stages. He emphasized the roles of adults in child development
110
What is the Zone of Proximal Distance?
(Vygotsky)
The distance between what the child can do independently and what the child can do with adult guidance.
(e.g. child can dress herself if w/her sister, but not w/o her)
111
What is scaffolding?
(Vygotsky)
Act of adjusting the level of assistance provided by a teacher based upon the child's performance/competence.
112
What is reciprocal teaching?
(Vygotsky)
Teacher provides problem-solving strategies; not the answers.
113
What is Information Processing?
A newer model of cognitive development
It is a continuous model; not a stages-based model
Differences in cognitive abilities are based on differences in experience and knowledge
114
Who is Elkind?
(Information Processesing)
An information processing theorist specializing in adolescence.
Believed that thinking capacity is expanded and has the ability to be complexed, BUT is often immature due to inexperience with abstract thought.
115
What is the Personal Fable?
(Elkind/Information Processing)
Adolescent belief that they are special, rules do not apply to them and that they are invulnerable.
116
What is the Imaginary Audience?
(Elkind/Information Processing)
Operating under the assumption that everyone is thinking about what they have on their mind; extreme self-consciousness
(e.g. Preoccupation that everyone is paying attention to their acne.)
117
What cognitive changes occur as we age?
Crystalized Intelligence-Practiced/overlearned skills especially verbal skills remains intact as we age
Fluid Intelligence-Novel/New, probem-solving skills decreases with age.
It peaks in adolescence and declines at age 30 years.
May also be attributed to decrease in visual and auditory acuity
118
How does aging impact attention?
Older people do well on simple tasks, but have more difficulty on those that require attention to multiple sources of information.
119
How does aging impact higher-order cognitive processes?
In lab situations, older people do not do as well as younger people organizing, problem-solving, reasoning, planning, etc..
HOWEVER, older people compete an outperform younger people in real-world functioning
120
How does aging impact short-term memory (STM)?
Short-Term Memory (2 parts)
1. Primary Memory-remains intact
It is a holding tank for small amounts of information requiring no manipulation
2. Working Memory-Declines with age
Requires manipulation of information
121
What causes problems with memory as we age?
Difficulties with encoding and retrieval
Recognition is not impacted in the same way
122
How does aging impact Long-term Memory (LTM)
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Semantic and Procedural memory remain intact
(e.g. knowledge of facts/meanings, and motor skills)
Episodic Memory declines the most (e.g. what you had for breakfast)
123
What physical changes occur after middle to late adulthood?
Decline in cardiac output, hearing, vision and an increase in blood pressure.
