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Oral Histology > Developmental Defects > Flashcards

Developmental Defects Flashcards

1
Q

4th week of development

A

Development of central face begins

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2
Q

6-7th weeks of development

A
  • medial nasal process mergers with maxillary process of 1st branchial arch
  • 7th week = bilateral projections emerge forming palatal shelves which are vertical, as mandible grows the tongue drops and the palatal shelves rotate to be horizontal
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3
Q

8th Week

A

shelves proliferate and fuse in the midline with the anterior fusing first the progressing back

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4
Q

Cleft Lip

A

defective fusion of the medial nasal processes with the maxillary process

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5
Q

Cleft Palate

A

defective fusion of the palatal shelves

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6
Q

What is the odds of cleft palate/lip?

A
  • 1 in 700 live births
  • 1.5 times higher in Asians and 3.6 per 1000 live births in Native Americans
  • M:F = 1.5:1
  • isolated CP is more common in females
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7
Q

% of cases that are CP & CL?

A

45%

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8
Q

% of cases that are CP?

A

30%

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9
Q

% of cases that are CL?

A

25%

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10
Q

Cause of CL & CP?

A
  • a genetic mutation in the fibroblast growth factor

- complex trait with a multifactorial etiology

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11
Q

% of CL that is unilateral and on what side?

A

70% occur on left side

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12
Q

Lateral Facial Cleft

A

lack of fusion of maxillary and mandibular processes; occurs from commissure to the ear

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13
Q

Oblique Facial Cleft

A

very rare, associated with cleft palate; extends from the upper lip to the eye

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14
Q

Median Cleft of the Upper Lip

A

very rare, failure of fusion of the medial nasal processes;

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15
Q

Commissural Lip Pit

A
  • mucosal invaginations at the corner of the mouth
  • common, 10-20% of adults
  • have a higher prevalence of preauricular pits
  • no treatment necessary unless infected (surgical excision)
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16
Q

Paramedian Lip Pits

A
  • rare, congenital invaginations (or bump) of the median lower lip that are usually bilateral symmetric fistulas
  • occurs in median lower lip
  • autosomal dominant traits associated with cleft lip and/or palate
  • seen in ver der Woude or Popliteal Pyterygium syndrome
  • no treatment needed
17
Q

Double Lip

A
  • redundant fold of tissue on the inside of the lip
  • usually congenital but can be acquired
  • associated with Ascher Syndrome (double lip, blepharochalasis (droopy eyelids), non toxic thyroid enlargement)
18
Q

Fordyce Granules

A
  • ectopic (in abnormal position) sebaceous glands on the oral mucosa
  • on the buccal mucosa or lateral position of the vermilion on upper lip, could be on genital mucosa
  • common, 80% of adults
  • present as multiple yellow or white papules
  • no treatment needed
19
Q

Leukoedema

A
  • common 70-80% of adult blacks and 50% black children

- milk white diffuse mucosa with folded or wrinkled surface that disappears when stretched

20
Q

Microglossia

A
  • very rare
  • small tongue
  • associated with: oromandibular-limb hypogenesis syndromes, hypodactylia (absence of digits), hypomelia (incomplete part or all of limb), and situs inversus (mirror positioning of internal organs)
21
Q

Macroglossia

A
  • large tongue
  • congenital/hereditary association: vascular malformations, hemihyperplasia (enlargement of onside of body), Cretinism, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Down syndrome
  • acquired: amyloidosis, myxedema, acromegaly, angioedema, tumors
22
Q

Lingual Thyroid

A
  • ectopic thyroid gland
  • at the junction of the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3, site of developing foramen cecum in midline
  • 4-7 more frequent in females, 70% of cases this is only thyroid tissue
  • May need surgical removal or repositioning
  • symptoms usually develop during puberty, pregnancy or menopause
23
Q

Lingual Tonsil

A
  • relatively common, possible enlarged but benign tonsil
  • tonsil on the tongue
  • may need to remove if biopsy is positive
24
Q

Tonsillar Enlargement

A
  • common, enlarged tonsils

- may have tonsiliths (calcifications that form on crypts of palatal tonsils)

25
Q

Fissured Tongue

A
  • common 2-5% of population, fissures on tongue
  • association: geographic tongue (many have both conditions), component of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome
  • no treatment necessary
26
Q

Hairy Tongue

A
  • accumulation of keratin on the filiform papilla on dorsum of the tongue
  • black and brown from pigment producing bacteria
  • association: smoking, antibiotics, poor oral hygiene, oxidizing mouth rinses
27
Q

Geographic Tongue

A
  • common, 1-3% of population, benign condition due to atrophy of the filiform papillae
  • have well demarcated zones of erythema (redness) with white borders on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
  • Female to Male ratio = 2:1
  • comes and goes in a few days but could burn if eating spicy things
28
Q

Varicosities (Varices)

A
  • common in older people > 60 yo.
  • abnormally dilated and tortuous veins that can occur in the sublingual vein, lips, and buccal mucosa, presents as blue/purple nodule
  • usually don’t need treatment but sometimes need to biopsied to confirm
29
Q

Caliber-Persistent Artery

A
  • common vascular anomaly in which a large caliber artery extends into the underlying submucosa without a reduction in diameter, common in older adults
  • occurs on the lip and shows as a linear elevation that is pale or blueish, can be seen pulsing
  • no treatment necessary but can be easily popped and bleed
30
Q

Exostoses

A
  • common localized bony protuberances that comes from the cortical plate (roof or bottom of mouth)
  • most often seen in adults
  • buccal exostoses are on facial aspect of max. and mand. alveolar ridge
  • palatal exostoses (palatal tubercules) are on lingual aspect of max.
  • solitary exostoses are under free gingiva or skin grafts
31
Q

Torus Palatinus

A
  • common, 20-35% of population, exostosis that occurs in the palatal vault in the midline that can increase in size throughout life
  • no treatment needed but can become irritated and need fixing
  • female to male ration 2:1
  • flat torus = broad base and smooth surface
  • spindle torus = midline ridge along that palatal raphe
  • nodular torus = multiple protuberances that may coalesce forming grooves
  • lobular torus = lobular mass that may come from a single base
32
Q

Torus Mandibularis

A
  • common exostosis that develops along the lingual portion of the mandible
  • appears above mylohyoid in premolar region, it’s bilateral
  • more common in Asisans and Inuit
  • has correlation with bruxism (teeth grinding)
  • only need treatment if getting dentures in that area
33
Q

Stafne Defect

A
  • asymptomatic radiolucent lesions near the angle of the mandible that shows a concavity caused by submandibular gland

Oral Histology (3 decks)

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