Developmental Cosiderations (Muskoloskeletal)

Question 1

• This longitudinal growth continues until closure of the ________; the last closure occurs at about age 20 years.

Answer 1

epiphyses (growth plates)

Question 2

At 3 to 4 months, when the baby can raise the head from the prone position, the anterior curve in the ______ develops.

Answer 2

cervical neck region

Question 3

From ages 1 year to 18 months, standing erect causes the development of the __________

Answer 3

anterior curve in the lumbar region.

Question 4

• The term developmental ___________ refers to a number of congenital abnormalities of the hip joint, including dislocated hip and subluxation of the hip.
• Clinical examination of the hips by a trained clinician in the periodic health examination of all infants during the first week of life, during the first month, and then at 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months of age.

Answer 4

dysplasia of the hip (DDH)

Question 5

• Check the hips for congenital dislocation. The most reliable method is the ________, hip instability feels like a clunk as the head of the femur pops back into place. This is a positive Ortolani sign and warrants referral.

Answer 5

Ortolani manoeuvre

Question 6

The ____ also is used to check for hip dislocation by comparing leg lengths. Place the baby’s feet flat on the table, and flex the knees up. Scan the tops of the knees; normally, they are at the same elevation. The finding that one knee is significantly lower than the other is a positive Allis sign and is suggestive of hip dislocation.

Answer 6

Allis test

Question 7

The most common cause of childhood musculoskeletal pain is termed _______ a non-inflammatory pain syndrome affecting children mainly between the ages of 3 and 12 years.
- The pain is usually non-articular, bilateral, and located in the lower extremities; it occurs late in the day or is nocturnal, often awakening the child, and it frequently occurs on days of increased physical activity. The pain can be mild or very severe, lasting minutes to hours; is generally episodic but may occur daily; and usually resolves by late childhood.

Answer 7

“growing pains”

Question 8

_____ are present when there is a span of more than 2.5 cm between the medial malleoli when the knees are together.
- Preschool-Age and School-Age Children

Answer 8

“Knock knees” (genu valgum)

Question 9

_____ is a lateral bowing of the legs. It is present when you measure a persistent space of more than 2.5 cm between the knees when the medial malleoli are together.
- Preschool-Age and School-Age Children

Answer 9

A “bowlegged” stance (genu varum)

Question 10

knees apart

Answer 10

genu varum

Question 11

knees together

Answer 11

genu valgum

Question 12

Inspect for scoliosis with the _______.
- Seat yourself behind the standing child, and ask the child to stand with the feet shoulder-width apart and to bend forward slowly to touch the toes. Expect a straight vertical spine while the child is both standing and bending forward. The posterior ribs should be symmetrical, with equal elevation of shoulders, scapulae, and iliac crests.

Answer 12

forward bend test

Question 13

• Expected postural changes in pregnancy include progressive lordosis and, toward the third trimester, anterior cervical flexion, kyphosis, and slumped shoulders.
• At full term, the protuberant abdomen and the relaxed mobility in the joints create the characteristic waddling gait.

Answer 13

Pregnancy

Question 14

Older Adult - Walk

Answer 14

Shuffling pattern; swaying; arms out to help balance; broader base of support; watching own feet

Question 15

Older Adult - Climbing up stairs

Answer 15

Holds tightly onto hand rail; may haul body up with arm; may lead with favoured (stronger) leg

Question 16

Older Adult - Walk down stairs

Answer 16

Holds hand rail tightly, sometimes with both hands

With weakness, descending sideways, lowering the weaker leg first; with unsteadiness, watching the feet

Question 17

Older Adult - Pick up objects from floor

Answer 17

Often bends at the waist instead of at the knees; holds onto furniture for support while bending or straightening

Question 18

Older Adult - Rise up from sitting in the chair

Answer 18

Uses arms to push off chair arms, upper trunk leans forward before body straightens, feet are planted wide in broad base of support

Question 19

Older Adult - Rise up from lying in bed

Answer 19

May roll to one side, pushes with arms to lift up torso, grabs bedside table to increase leverage

Question 20

Ankylosis is…

Answer 20

a. one or more bones in a joint being out of position
b. partial dislocation of a joint
c. shortening of a muscle leading to limited range of motion of joint
d. stiffness or fixation of a joint

Question 21

Why would the examiner ask a high school athlete “what do you do when you get hurt?”

Answer 21

a. Because so many young athletes are injured that it is important to plan ahead.
b. Because many athletes are reticent to report injuries because they think it will limit their playing time.
c. Because it is important for young athletes to understand the risks involved in playing sports.
d. Because it is important for the athlete to report an injury to a clinician, rather than a coach, who may not take the injury seriously.

Question 22

Toddler lordosis refers to the ..

Answer 22

a. Convex shape of a child’s spine
b. Concave shape of a child’s spine
c. Normal stature of a toddler
d. A and C