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CHEM LIPIDS > Developmental Biology > Flashcards

Developmental Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

the time between fertilization and birth, the organism is known as an ________

A

embryo

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2
Q

Multicellular organisms do not spring forth fully formed. Rather, they arise by a relatively slow process of progressive change that we call _______________.

A

development

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3
Q

In most cases, the development of a multicellular organism begins with a single cell—an egg cell that has completed the process of fertilization and is referred to as a ___________

A

zygote

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4
Q

The study of animal development has traditionally been called ________, after that phase of an organism that exists between fertilization and birth.

A

embryology

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5
Q

Plants exhibit an astounding capacity for perpetual growth throughout their life span, a phenomenon known as ____

A

indeterminate growth

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6
Q

is the route by which an organism goes from genotype to phenotype. In most animals, this involves a fertilized egg that cleaves into many cells.

A

Development

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7
Q

changing from one form into another, such as the transformation of a tadpole into a frog, or a caterpillar into a butterfly

A

metamorphosis

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8
Q

Study of how an egg becomes an adult organism; the process by which new members of species are generated.

A

Developmental Biology

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9
Q

It is the study of a process whereby a single cell (the fertilized egg) divides and selectively activates expression of genes to produce a complex organism composed of many cell types. It is an integration of other levels of biology.

A

Developmental Biology

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10
Q

the course of an organism’s development from inception to adulthood.

A

Ontogeny

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11
Q

studies the genetic control of cell growth, differentiation and morphogenesis (which is the process that gives rise to tissues, organs, and anatomy

A

Modern developmental biology

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12
Q
  • Expands embryological studies using molecular techniques
  • Used genetic approaches to study model organisms
A

Developmental Biology

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13
Q
  • Observational biology - Experimental manipulations
A

Embryology

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14
Q

A single cell, the fertilized egg, gives rise to hundreds of different cell types—muscle cells, epidermal cells, neurons, lens cells, lymphocytes, blood cells, fat cells, and so on. This generation of cellular diversity is called ______

A

differentiation.

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15
Q
  • the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another.
  • Process in which cells develop their specialized shapes and functions
A

Cellular differentiate

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16
Q

This creation of ordered form is called _________ , and it involves coordinating cell growth, cell migration, and cell death.
- processes by which order is created in the developing organism.

A

morphogenesis

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17
Q

different growth rates of parts with the same organism, change in shape ontogeny

A

Allometric growth

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18
Q

all components grow at the same rate, no change in shape during ontogeny (ratio between parts does not change as the size increase)

A

Isometric growth

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19
Q

______ , the first known embryologist, said that wonder was the source of knowledge, and animal and plant development.

A

Aristotle

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20
Q

the study of how anatomy changes during the development of different organisms

A

Comparative embryology

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20
Q

Aristotle noted some of the variations on the life cycle themes:
* some by live birth

A

viviparity

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20
Q

Aristotle noted some of the variations on the life cycle themes:
* some animals are born from eggs

A

oviparity

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21
Q

Aristotle noted some of the variations on the life cycle themes:
* some by producing an egg that hatches inside the body

A

ovoviviparity

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22
Q

Aristotle also identified the two major cell division patterns by which embryos are formed:
* the __________ of cleavage (as in chicks, wherein only part of the egg is destined to become the embryo, while the other portion—the yolk—serves as nutrition for the embryo).

A

meroblastic pattern

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23
Q

Aristotle also identified the two major cell division patterns by which embryos are formed:
* the _____ of cleavage (in which the entire egg is divided into successively smaller cells, as it is in frogs and mammals)

A

holoblastic pattern

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24
Q

the study of how changes in development may cause evolutionary change and of how an organism’s ancestry may constrain the type of changes that are possible.

A

Evolutionary embryology

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25
Q

those organs whose underlying similarity arises from their being derived from a common ancestral structure.

A

Homologous structures

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26
Q

are those whose similarity comes from their performing a similar function rather than their arising from a common ancestor.

A

Analogous structures

27
Q

the study of birth defects

A

Teratology

28
Q

Abnormalities caused by genetic events (gene mutations, chromosomal aneuploidies, and translocations) are called _________

A

malformations

29
Q

_____ is a condition in which two or more malformations are expressed together.

A

syndrome

30
Q

For instance, a hereditary disease called ______ is inherited as an autosomal dominant condition. Children born with this syndrome usually have a malformed heart (the septum separating the right and left sides fails to grow normally. Holt-Oram syndrome was found to be caused by mutations in the ______ .

A

Holt-Oram syndrome; TBX5

31
Q

Developmental abnormalities caused by exogenous agents (certain chemicals or viruses, radiation, or hyperthermia) are called _______.

A

disruptions

32
Q

. The agents responsible for these disruptions are called ________ (Greek, “monster-formers”),

A

teratogens

33
Q

the study of how environmental agents disrupt normal development is called ________.

A

teratology

34
Q

Dominant mutation in a gene (KIT) on the long arm of chromosome _____

A

4

35
Q

___________ independently accumulated evidence that the drug thalidomide, prescribed as a mild sedative to many pregnant women, caused an enormous increase in a previously rare syndrome of congenital anomalies. The most noticeable of these anomalies was ______________ , a condition in which the long bones of the limbs are deficient or absent.

A

Dr. Widukind Lenz and Dr. William McBride; phocomelia

36
Q

________ documented the period of susceptibility during which thalidomide caused these abnormalities. The drug was found to be teratogenic only during days _____ after the last menstruation (i.e.,_____ days post-conception). From days _____, no limb abnormalities are seen, but during this period thalidomide can cause the absence or deficiency of ear components.

A

Nowack (1965); 34–50; 20–36; 34 to 38

37
Q

seeks to describe development phenomena in terms of equations

A

Mathematical modeling of development

38
Q

He tried to explain development in terms of the principles of heat, wetness, and solidification.

A

Hippocrates

38
Q

Established “embryology” as an independent field - Figured out the functions of placenta and the umbilical cord
- defined Epigenesis and Preformation

A

Aristotle

39
Q
A

William Harvey

39
Q
  • concluded that all animals originate from eggs (even mammals)
  • first to see the blastoderm of the chick embryo
  • first to notice that “islands” of blood tissue from before the heart does
  • suggested that the amniotic fluid might function as a “shock absorber” for the embryo.
A

William Harvey

40
Q
  • drew first micrograph of developing chick embryos and published the first microscopic account of chick development in1672
  • the neural groove (precursor of the neural tube), the muscle-forming somites, and the first circulation of the arteries and veins – to and from the yolk-were identified.
  • ignited debate between preformationist vs epigenesist
A

Marcello Malphigi

41
Q

The body is already patterned in miniature, within the early embryo.
– organs already present

A

Preformationism/Preformation

42
Q

The structures of the body arise de novo (from scratch) at each generation during embryogenesis.
- that an embryo develops progressively from an undifferentiated egg cell.

A

Epigenesis

43
Q

Studying the chick embryo, _____ discovered that the embryo was organized into germ layers—three distinct regions of the embryo that give rise through epigenesis to the differentiated cells types and specific organ systems.

A

Christian Pander

44
Q

The _______ generates the outer layer of the embryo. It produces the surface layer (epidermis) of the skin and forms the brain and nervous system.

A

ectoderm

45
Q

The ________ becomes the innermost layer of the embryo and produces the epithelium of the digestive tube and its associated organs (including the lungs).

A

endoderm

46
Q

The ___________ becomes sandwiched between the ectoderm and endoderm. It generates the blood, heart, kidney, gonads, bones, muscles, and connective tissues.

A

mesoderm

47
Q

He followed the intricate development of the vertebrate skull, excretory systems, and respiratory systems, showing that these became increasingly complex. He also showed that their complexity took on different trajectories in different classes of vertebrates.
- was the first to identify the pharyngeal arches. He showed that these same embryonic structures became gill supports in fish and the jaws and ears (among other things) in mammals. (Rathke’s Pouch)

A

Heinrich Rathke

48
Q

He extended Pander’s studies of the chick embryo. He recognized that there is a common pattern to all vertebrate development—that each of the three germ layers generally gives rise to the same organs, whether the organism is a fish, a frog, or a chick. He discovered the ______ , the rod of mesoderm that separates the embryo into right and left halves and instructs the ectoderm above it to become the nervous system. He also discovered the mammalian egg, that minuscule, long-sought cell that everyone believed existed but no one before von Baer had ever seen.

A

Karl Ernst von Baer; notochord

49
Q

is the developmental history of a differentiated cell as traced back to the cell from which it arises.

A

cell lineage

50
Q

Some embryos have relatively few cells, and the cytoplasms of their early blastomeres have differently colored pigments. In such fortunate cases, it is actually possible to look through the microscope and trace the descendants of a particular cell into the organs they generate. ____ patiently followed the fates of each early cell of the tunicate _________.

A

Edwin G. Conklin; (sea squirt) Styela partita.

51
Q

Most embryos are not so accommodating as to have cells of different colors. In the early years of the twentieth century, ___________ traced the fates of different areas of amphibian eggs by applying vital dyes to the region of interest.

A

Vogt (1929)

52
Q

One way around this is to use _____________that are so intense that once injected into individual cells, they can still be detected in the progeny of these cells many divisions later. _______, for example, can be injected into a single cell of an early embryo, and the descendants of that cell can be seen by examining the embryo under ultraviolet light.

A

fluorescent dyes; Fluorescein-conjugated dextran

53
Q

embryos made from tissues of more than one genetic source.

A

chimeric embryos

54
Q

refers to an organism or cell whose genome has been altered by the introduction of one or more foreign DNA sequences from another species by artificial means.

A

Transgenic

54
Q

_______ showed that the pigment cells (melanocytes) of the chick originate in the_____________, a transient band of cells that joins the neural tube to the epidermis.

A

Mary Rawles (1940); neural crest

55
Q

One version is to infect the cells of an embryo with a virus whose genes have been altered such that they express the gene for a fluorescently active protein such as _________________

A

green fluorescent protein, or GFP.

56
Q

A gene altered in this way is called a __________, because it contains DNA from another species.

A

transgene

57
Q

The generation of specialized cell types is called _________, a process during which
a cell ceases to divide and develops specialized structural elements and distinct functional properties.

A

differentiation

58
Q

The fate of a cell or tissue is said to be specified when
it is capable of differentiating autonomously (i.e., by itself) when placed in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway, such as in a petri dish
or test tube

A

specification

59
Q

A cell or tissue is said to be determined when it is capable of differentiating autonomously even when placed into another
region of the embryo or a cluster of differently specified cells in a petri dish

A

determination

60
Q

the cell “knows” very early what it is to become without interacting with other cells.

A

Autonomous Specification

61
Q

is the process by which cells achieve their respective fates by interacting with other cells. Here, what a cell becomes is specified by the array of interactions it has with its neighbors, which may include cell-to-cell contacts (juxtacrine factors), secreted signals (paracrine factors), or the physical properties of its local environment (mechanical stress),

A

Conditional specification

62
Q

A cytoplasm that contains many nuclei is called a _____ and the specification of presumptive cells within such a syncytium is called ________

A

syncytium; syncytial
specification

63
Q

This division creates an embryo of many nuclei contained within one shared
cytoplasm surrounded by one common plasma membrane. This embryo is called the
____________.

A

syncytial blastoderm

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