Developmental aspects of lung disease Flashcards
What is the embryology of the respiratory tract?
The respiratory tract develops from the foregut, specifically the endoderm of the pharyngeal arches. The lung buds form around the 4th week of embryonic development, and by the 8th week, the bronchi and lung structures begin to differentiate. By birth, the lungs are still immature and continue to develop postnatally.
What are some common congenital anomalies affecting the respiratory tract?
Common congenital anomalies include:
Cleft palate and cleft lip (which can affect breathing and swallowing).
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (which can impair lung development).
Tracheoesophageal fistula (abnormal connection between the trachea and esophagus).
Congenital lung malformations (e.g., bronchopulmonary sequestration, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation).
What is the relationship between respiratory illness in childhood and adulthood?
Respiratory illness in childhood, such as asthma, recurrent respiratory infections, or prematurity, can influence lung development and function, potentially leading to chronic respiratory conditions in adulthood. Early respiratory issues can contribute to a higher risk of conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or reduced lung function in later life.
What does “tracking” of pulmonary function mean, and what factors influence it?
“Tracking” of pulmonary function refers to the pattern in which lung function measured in childhood continues in adulthood. Factors influencing this include genetics, early-life respiratory infections, environmental exposures (e.g., pollution, smoking), and pre-existing health conditions. Individuals with low lung function in childhood are more likely to have low lung function as adults.
What does the term “remodelling” refer to in respiratory health?
“Remodelling” refers to structural changes in the lungs and airways that occur in response to chronic inflammation or injury. In conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or fibrosis, remodelling involves changes such as thickening of the airway walls, increased mucus production, and narrowing of the airways, which can lead to permanent changes in lung function.
