developmental 1 Flashcards
What week does bone and cartilage differentiates and bone develops
3-8th wk
What week do mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate; first in UE
5th week
What week do chondrocytes form cartilage of long bones
6th wk
what week does growth of cartilage model happen
6th wk
What week does primary ossification center develop
7-11 wk
What week does secondary ossification center develop
after birth
What week does formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate happen
after birth
What forms the diaphysis
primary ossification center
what forms the epiphysis
formed by the secondary ossification center
How are secondary curves formed
Weightbearing during walking
Describe skeletal maturation during infancy and childhood
rapidly grows, most weightbearing
When does posterior fontanelle fuse
2-3 months
when does anterior fontanelle fuse
12-18 months
When does growth spurts happen for girls
12-14 y.o
When does growth spurts happen for boys
14-15 y.o
When do cranial bones have complete fusion?
18 months
When do all epiphyseal growth plates close
25 years old, but usually before
Should you use ultrasound over epiphyseal areas in children or where there remains open growth plates?
NO
What age does bone resorption exceed bone formation?
50 years old
What is associated with a decrease in estrogen
Loss of bone mass
Name structural changes in cartilage in older adults
Water content decreases, extracellular matrix becomes rigid, death of chondrocytes, hyaline cartilage replaced with fibrocartilage, decreased capacity for repair and healing
Def of osteomalacia
softening of bones
Functional impairments in older adults
decreased strength, flexibility, poor posture
Prenatal diagnoses
club foot (talipes equinovarus), congenital hip hysplasia, congenital limb deficiency
Infancy and childhood functional concerns
growth plate and cartilage vulnerable to trauma
increased risk of ligament tears or growth plate fractures due to truamatic mechanisms of injury or repeated stress
diagnoses in infancy and childhood
epiphyseal infection and injury
growth plate fracture,
apophyseal avulsion,
nursemaid’s elbow
Adolescence diagnoses
stress fracture
apophyseal avulsion fracture
slipped capital-femoral epiphysis
scoliosis
Diagnoses in adults and older adults
back pain
osteoporosis
osteoarthritis
older adult muscular system aging
increased rate in loss of type 2 fast twitch fibers—> less speed, less power, less mobility. slower reaction time and initiation of movement
def of senile muscular atrophy
muscle wasting
decreased strength, speed of contraction, decreased mobility
What age does muscle strength decline at
30, 5% each decade
What age does coordination decline at
30s
What age is there a rapid decline in strength
70 years old
What age is there a steady decline in strength and function
50 years old
Primary motor cortex
controls speed and force of movement
Supplemental motor area
INVOLved in preplanning movements
premotor cortex
visually guided movements
Cerebellum
coordinate movement based on accuracy, timing, and intensity
basal ganglia
controls posture and adaptation to varying tasks or environments
Day 6/7 after fertilization
implantation
when is gastrulation
day 15/16
When do the limb buds appear
day 28-29
T/F: the relative type 1 and type 2 fiber ratio has reached adult level
T
how many weeks after fertilization do all limb structures are present
8 weeks
Sarcopenia is the decrease in
number of fibers, mass of fibers, and number of functional motor units
Age girls growth spurt
12-14 years old
age boys growth spurt
14-15 years old
