Development of the respiratory system Flashcards
When does the development of the lower respiratory system begin?
During the 4th week
From which structure does the development of the trachea begin?
- From the laryngotracheal groove found in the floor of the primitive pharynx will then enlarge to form the larynx, trachea, lungs, and the bronchi
- The development of the respiratory tract is related to the cranial part of the gut (foregut) composed of the pharyngeal arches
How does the septum divide forming the trachea and esophagus?
The laryngotracheal groove deepens producing a laryngotracheal diverticulum which becomes separated from the tracheoesophageal septum (one will form the trachea while the other will form the esophagus)
The transesophageal septum divides the cranial part of the foregut into what?
1) Ventral portion
- Laryngotracheal tube (primordium of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs)
2) Dorsal portion
- The primordium of the oropharynx and esophagus
From where do the oropharynx and esophagus arise from?
From the dorsal portion of the cranial part of the foregut
Where do the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the lungs arise from?
The ventral portion (laryngotracheal tube) of the cranial part of the foregut
Describe the general development of the larynx
- All of the cartilage arises from the 6th aortic arch except for the thyroid cartilage which arises from the 4th aortic arch
- All of the muscles arise from the 6th aortic arch except for the cricothyroid
What forms the epithelium of the larynx?
- The endoderm of the cranial end of the laryngotracheal tube
What forms the thyroid cartilage of the larynx?
the 4th pharyngeal arch
What forms the other cartilages of the larynx?
The 6th pharyngeal arch
What is the embryological origin of the laryngeal muscles
From the mesoderm of the 4th (for the cricothyroid) and 6th pharyngeal arches (others)
What is the embryological origin of the nerve supply of the cricothyroid?
The nerves of the 4th superior laryngeal nerve
What is the embryological origin of the nerve supply of the other laryngeal muscles?
The nerve of the 6th recurrent laryngeal arch
What forms the inlet of the larynx?
It is the opening of the laryngotracheal tube into the pharynx becoming the laryngeal orifice,
- The mesoderm here will proliferate rapidly converting the slit-like aperture into a t-shaped laryngeal inlet
How does the interior of the larynx form?
1) Proliferation of the laryngeal epithelium, resulting in a temporary occlusion to the laryngeal lumen
2) Recanalization of the larynx occurs
3) Recesses are formed, which are bounded by folds of the mucus membrane that will become the vocal folds (inferiorly) and the vestibular fold (superiorly)
What forms the epithelium and glands of the trachea?
The endodermal lining of the laryngotracheal tube distal to the larynx
What forms the cartilage, connective tissue, and muscles of the trachea?
The splanchnic mesoderm
What are the different anomalies of the larynx?
1) Laryngeal atresia
2) Laryngeal web
- Usually incompatible with life
What is the laryngeal atresia?
- It is the incomplete recanalization of the larynx, which will obstruct the upper airway
- Distal to the atresia the airway becomes dilated and the lungs are enlarged
What is a laryngeal web?
The formation of a membranous web at the level of the vocal folds, due to incomplete recanalization of the larynx, partially obstructing the airway
What are the different anomalies of the trachea?
1) Tracheoesophageal fistula
2) Tracheal diverticulum
3) Tracheal stenosis and atresia
What is the tracheoesophageal fistula?
- It is an incomplete division of the cranial part of the foregut into respiratory and esophageal parts
- There are four main types:
1) When an atresia (absence, closure, or abnormal narrowing of a natural body opening) occurs in the upper part of the esophagus, while the lower part of the trachea
- The most common (fatal, food won’t reach the gut)
2) Fistula between the trachea and esophagus, where both lumens are patent
- It can be diagnosed after repeated episodes of pneumonia
3) Atresia of the lower part of the esophagus while the upper part opens into the trachea
- Any fluid the baby ingests will enter the lungs leading to coughing and pneumonia
4) The upper and lower parts of the esophagus open separately into the trachea
- Presents with pneumonia also
What is the tracheal diverticulum?
Early outgrowth from the trachea before the formation of the lung buds, where there is a blind bronchus-like projection from the trachea
What are the tracheal stenosis and atresia?
- Due to an unequal partitioning of the foregut into the esophagus and trachea
- There will be a narrowing “stenosis”/obstruction “atresia” of the trachea
- Associated with a tracheoesophageal fistula