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Y2S1 ANATOMY > Development of the respiratory system > Flashcards

Development of the respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

When does the development of the lower respiratory system begin?

A

During the 4th week

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2
Q

From which structure does the development of the trachea begin?

A
  • From the laryngotracheal groove found in the floor of the primitive pharynx will then enlarge to form the larynx, trachea, lungs, and the bronchi
  • The development of the respiratory tract is related to the cranial part of the gut (foregut) composed of the pharyngeal arches
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3
Q

How does the septum divide forming the trachea and esophagus?

A

The laryngotracheal groove deepens producing a laryngotracheal diverticulum which becomes separated from the tracheoesophageal septum (one will form the trachea while the other will form the esophagus)

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4
Q

The transesophageal septum divides the cranial part of the foregut into what?

A

1) Ventral portion

  • Laryngotracheal tube (primordium of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs)

2) Dorsal portion

  • The primordium of the oropharynx and esophagus
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5
Q

From where do the oropharynx and esophagus arise from?

A

From the dorsal portion of the cranial part of the foregut

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6
Q

Where do the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the lungs arise from?

A

The ventral portion (laryngotracheal tube) of the cranial part of the foregut

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7
Q

Describe the general development of the larynx

A
  • All of the cartilage arises from the 6th aortic arch except for the thyroid cartilage which arises from the 4th aortic arch
  • All of the muscles arise from the 6th aortic arch except for the cricothyroid
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8
Q

What forms the epithelium of the larynx?

A
  • The endoderm of the cranial end of the laryngotracheal tube
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9
Q

What forms the thyroid cartilage of the larynx?

A

the 4th pharyngeal arch

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10
Q

What forms the other cartilages of the larynx?

A

The 6th pharyngeal arch

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11
Q

What is the embryological origin of the laryngeal muscles

A

From the mesoderm of the 4th (for the cricothyroid) and 6th pharyngeal arches (others)

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12
Q

What is the embryological origin of the nerve supply of the cricothyroid?

A

The nerves of the 4th superior laryngeal nerve

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13
Q

What is the embryological origin of the nerve supply of the other laryngeal muscles?

A

The nerve of the 6th recurrent laryngeal arch

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14
Q

What forms the inlet of the larynx?

A

It is the opening of the laryngotracheal tube into the pharynx becoming the laryngeal orifice,

  • The mesoderm here will proliferate rapidly converting the slit-like aperture into a t-shaped laryngeal inlet
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15
Q

How does the interior of the larynx form?

A

1) Proliferation of the laryngeal epithelium, resulting in a temporary occlusion to the laryngeal lumen

2) Recanalization of the larynx occurs

3) Recesses are formed, which are bounded by folds of the mucus membrane that will become the vocal folds (inferiorly) and the vestibular fold (superiorly)

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16
Q

What forms the epithelium and glands of the trachea?

A

The endodermal lining of the laryngotracheal tube distal to the larynx

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17
Q

What forms the cartilage, connective tissue, and muscles of the trachea?

A

The splanchnic mesoderm

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18
Q

What are the different anomalies of the larynx?

A

1) Laryngeal atresia

2) Laryngeal web

  • Usually incompatible with life
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19
Q

What is the laryngeal atresia?

A
  • It is the incomplete recanalization of the larynx, which will obstruct the upper airway
  • Distal to the atresia the airway becomes dilated and the lungs are enlarged
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20
Q

What is a laryngeal web?

A

The formation of a membranous web at the level of the vocal folds, due to incomplete recanalization of the larynx, partially obstructing the airway

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21
Q

What are the different anomalies of the trachea?

A

1) Tracheoesophageal fistula

2) Tracheal diverticulum

3) Tracheal stenosis and atresia

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22
Q

What is the tracheoesophageal fistula?

A
  • It is an incomplete division of the cranial part of the foregut into respiratory and esophageal parts
  • There are four main types:

1) When an atresia (absence, closure, or abnormal narrowing of a natural body opening) occurs in the upper part of the esophagus, while the lower part of the trachea

  • The most common (fatal, food won’t reach the gut)

2) Fistula between the trachea and esophagus, where both lumens are patent

  • It can be diagnosed after repeated episodes of pneumonia

3) Atresia of the lower part of the esophagus while the upper part opens into the trachea

  • Any fluid the baby ingests will enter the lungs leading to coughing and pneumonia

4) The upper and lower parts of the esophagus open separately into the trachea

  • Presents with pneumonia also
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23
Q

What is the tracheal diverticulum?

A

Early outgrowth from the trachea before the formation of the lung buds, where there is a blind bronchus-like projection from the trachea

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24
Q

What are the tracheal stenosis and atresia?

A
  • Due to an unequal partitioning of the foregut into the esophagus and trachea
  • There will be a narrowing “stenosis”/obstruction “atresia” of the trachea
  • Associated with a tracheoesophageal fistula
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25
Q

Describe the branching of the bronchial tree

A

1) Trachea

2) Primary bronchi

3) Secondary bronchi

4) Tertiary bronchi (segmental bronchi)

5) Bronchioles

6) Terminal bronchioles

26
Q

Describe the development of the bronchi

A

1) In the 4th week the laryngotracheal tube develops a lung bud at its distal end (lung has four letters = Bud develops at the fourth week)

2) In week 5 the buds divide into two bronchial buds

3) Each bronchial bud will then enlarge to form a primary/main bronchus

4) Each primary bronchus divides into two secondary bronchi

5) Each secondary bronchus will undergo progressive branching forming segmental bronchi

6) Each segmental bronchus along its surrounding mesoderm is considered the primordium of the bronchopulmonary segment

27
Q

What is the primordium of the broncho-pulmonary segment?

A

Segmental bronchi with their mesoderm

28
Q

What are the different stages of lung development?

A

1) Pseudoglandular period (7-17 weeks)

2) Canalicular period (17-27-weeks)

3) Terminal sac period (27-week till birth)

4) Alveolar period (birth - 8yrs)

29
Q

What forms during the pseudo-glandular period of lung development?

A

Bronchi & Terminal Bronchioles

30
Q

What happens during the canalicular period?

A

1) The lumens of the bronchi and terminal bronchioles enlarge

2) The respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts develop

3) The lung tissue becomes highly vascular

31
Q

What happens in the terminal sac period?

A

1) The alveolar ducts give rise to the terminal sacs (primitive alveoli)

2) The terminal sacs are initially lined with cuboidal epithelium which then becomes squamous at week 26

32
Q

What happens during the alveolar development?

A
  • It is the final stage of lung development

It is where the alveoli develop septa increasing the number of bronchioles and primitive alveoli

33
Q

During which period does the lung tissue become highly vascular?

A

The canalicular period

34
Q

When do we start producing surfactants?

A

On the 28th week

  • Its production increases at the terminal stage of pregnancy particularly in the last two weeks before birth
35
Q

What are the different anomalies of the lungs?

A

1) Respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease)

2) Congenital lung cyst

3) Lung hypoplasia

4) Agenesis of the lungs

5) Pulmonary sequestration

36
Q

What is meant by respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease)?

A
  • The major cause is surfactant deficiency, Due Prolonged intra-uterine asphyxia (when the body is deprived of oxygen) may produce irreversible changes in the alveolar cells making them incapable of producing surfactant
  • Affect about 2% of live newborn infants, these infants develop rapid breathing after birth
  • The lungs are under inflated and the alveoli contain a fluid protein content resembling a hyaline membrane
37
Q

Who is at risk of developing respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Babies born prematurely

38
Q

What is meant by congenital lung cysts?

A
  • It’s a rare case
  • They are important disorders because they might lead to considerable morbidity and mortality
  • It is located at the periphery of the lungs & filled with fluid or air, due to the dilation of the terminal bronchi
  • Resection is performed to diagnose and stop the progression of the symptoms
39
Q

What is lung hypoplasia?

A
  • Marked reduction in lung volume
  • There is a collapse of the lung
  • It could be due to diaphragmatic hernia or abdominal content protrusion to the thorax
40
Q

What is meant by the agenesis of the lungs?

A
  • Caused by the failure of the bronchial buds to develop
  • The heart is shifted to the affected side and the existing lung is hyperextended
41
Q

What is meant by pulmonary sequestration?

A
  • It has a known cause
  • Located at the base of the lung
  • the extra lung does not communicate with the tracheobronchial tree
  • Its blood supply is usually systemic, usually from the aorta
42
Q

Septum transvrsum is the embryonic origin of which part of the diaphragm?

A
  • Septum Transversum is a mesodermal tissue (BEFORE THE FOLDING it was in the cranial then after folding it became in the thoracoabdominal area, dragging its C3, 4, & 5 with it
  • It Gives the CENTRAL TENDON
43
Q

What is the embryological origin of the central tendon?

A

septum transverse

44
Q

What is the embryological origin of the right and left crura?

A

dorsal mesentery of the esophagus

45
Q

What is the embryological origin of the part between the aorta and esophagus?

A

mesoderm around the dorsal aorta

46
Q

What is the embryological origin of the part between the thoracic & abdominal cavities?

A

pleuroperitoneal membrane

47
Q

What is the embryological origin of the lateral body wall?

A

muscular ingrowth of lungs & pleural cavities

48
Q

What is the embryological origin of the skeletal mesoderm (of the diaphragm)?

A

3rd, 4th, & 5th cervical myotomes

49
Q

Which diaphragmatic structure originated from the dorsal mesentry of the esophagus?

A
  • Forms the median portion of the diaphragm

(MEDIAN PORTION OF THE DIAPHRAGM “RIGHT & LEFT CRURA”)

49
Q

Which structure is derived around the dorsal aorta?

A
  • THE PART BETWEEN THE ESOPHAGUS AND AORTA
50
Q

Which DIAPHRAGMATIC structure originates from the pleuroperitoneal membrane?

A
  • THE PARTITION BETWEEN THE THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL CAVITIES
51
Q

Which diaphragmatic structure originates from the muscular ingrowth of the lateral BODY WALLS?

A
  • During the 9-12 week the lungs and pleural cavities enlarge and extend to the lateral body walls
52
Q

Which diaphragmatic structure originates from the 3, 4, & 5 cervical myotomes?

A
  • It migrates into the developing mesodermal diaphragm, changing it into a muscular organ
53
Q

What are the anomalies of the diaphragm?

A

1) Diaphragmatic hernia

2) Eventration of the diaphragm

54
Q

What are the different types of diaphragmatic hernia?

A

1) Congenital hiatal hernia

2) Retrosternal (parasternal) hernia

3) Posterolateral defect of the diaphragm

55
Q

What is meant by the congenital hiatal hernia?

A
  • Congenitally enlarged esophageal hiatus (the esophageal opening in the diaphragm) where parts of the stomach can herniate (protrude)
56
Q

What is meant by the retrosternal (parasternal) hernia?

A

Defect of the sternal-end/costal origins of the diaphragm

57
Q

What is meant by the posterolateral defect of the diaphragm?

A
  • It is the partial or complete failure of the development of the pleuroperitoneal folds (responsible for the completion of the partition between the thoracic and abdominal cavities), resulting in a large opening at the posterolateral region of the diaphragm
58
Q

What is meant by the eventration of the diaphragm?

A
  • When part of the diaphragm remains membranous and does not become muscular due to the failure of the muscular tissue to extend into the pleuroperitoneal membrane, making it weak and non-contractile, resulting in the building of the abdominal content into the thorax during breathing
  • Mainly due to injured phrenic nerve
  • Many are asymptomatic, and some have respiratory distress syndrome
  • The defected part is replaced with a aponeurotic sheet
59
Q
A

Y2S1 ANATOMY (15 decks)

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