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Embryology > Development of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Development of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

When does the primordium of the tracheobronchial tree develop?

A

During week 4

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2
Q

What starts as a median laryngotracheal groove in the caudoventral wall of the primitive pharynx?

A

Primordium of tracheobronchial tree

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3
Q

What gives rise to the epithelium and glands of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the pulmonary epithelium?

A

The endoderm lining of the median laryngotracheal groove

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4
Q

Connective tissue, cartilage, and smooth muscle of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi develop from what?

A

Splanchnic mesenchyme surrounding the foregut

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5
Q

The laryngotracheal groove deepens into what?

A

A respiratory diverticulum ventrally

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6
Q

The respiratory diverticulum enlarges distally into what?

A

A lung bud

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7
Q

Where does the epithelial lining of the larynx develop from?

A

The endoderm of the cranial end of the laryngotracheal tube

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8
Q

The cartilages of the larynx develop from where?

A

The cartilages in the 4th and 6th pairs of pharyngeal arches

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9
Q

The laryngeal cartilages develop from where?

A

Mesenchyme that is derived from neural crest cells

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10
Q

The mesenchyme at the cranial end of the laryngotracheal tube proliferates rapidly, producing what?

A

Paired arytenoid swellings

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11
Q

The paired arytenoid swellings grow toward the tongue, converting the slitlike aperture, “the primordial glottis”, into what?

A

A T-shaped laryngeal inlet

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12
Q

The laryngeal epithelium proliferates rapidly, resulting in?

A

Temporary occlusion of the laryngeal lumen

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13
Q

Recanalization of the larynx normally occurs by when?

A

The 10th week

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14
Q

Vocal cords develop from?

A

Folds of mucous membrane during the process of recanalization

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15
Q

The epiglottis develops from?

A

The caudal part of the hypo pharyngeal eminence

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16
Q

What is laryngeal atresia?

A

Rare anomaly resulting from failure of recanalization of the larynx, and causes obstruction of the upper fetal airway. AKA congenital high airway obstruction syndrome

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17
Q

Laryngeal web results from?

A

Incomplete recanalization of the larynx causing partial airway obstruction

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18
Q

The endodermal lining of the laryngotracheal tube distal to the larynx differentiates into?

A

The epithelium and glands of the trachea and the pulmonary epithelium

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19
Q

The cartilage, connective tissue, and muscles of the trachea are derived from?

A

The splanchnic mesenchyme surrounding the laryngotracheal tube

20
Q

A tracheoesophageal fistula is an abnormal communication between the trachea and esophagus caused by?

A

A malformation of the tracheoesophageal septum

21
Q

Tracheoesophageal fistula is generally associated with?

A 
Esophageal atresia (a condition in which a body orifice or passage in the body is abnormally closed or absent)
Polyhydramnious (too much amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac)
22
Q

Tracheoespophageal fistula results in?

A

Gaging and cyanosis after feeding, excessive accumulation of saliva or mucus in the nose and mouth, abdominal distention after crying, and reflux of gastric contents into lungs causing pneumonitis

23
Q

Tracheoesophageal fistula is most commonly located where?

A

Between the esophagus and distal third of the trachea

24
Q

The lung bud develops into what?

A

2 endodermal bronchial buds

25
Q

The 2 endodermal bronchial buds grow into what?

A

Pericardioperitoneal cavities and the primordial of the pleural cavities

26
Q

When do the bronchial buds enlarge into the primordial of a primary bronchus?

A

Early in week 5

27
Q

Which bronchial bud is slightly larger and is oriented more vertically?

A

The right bronchial bud

28
Q

The primary bronchi subsequently divides into what by week 7?

A

Secondary bronchi and then into tertiary bronchi

29
Q

What happens to the primary bronchi by week 24?

A

They divide another 14 times and respiratory bronchioles have developed

30
Q

Before birth, the bronchi will divide then another how many times before birth?

A

7 more times before birth

31
Q

As the bronchi develop, the surrounding mesenchyme synthesizes what?

A

The surrounding cartilages, smooth muscle, connective tissue, and capillaries

32
Q

The lungs acquire a layer of visceral pleura from where?

A

The splanchnic mesenchyme

33
Q

The splanchnic layer forms what?

A

The circulatory system and future gut wall

34
Q

The thoracic body wall becomes lined by what?

A

A layer of parietal pleura derived from the somatic mesoderm

35
Q

Maturation of the lungs is divided into what 4 periods?

A
  1. Pseudo glandular period
  2. Canalicular period
  3. Terminal saccular period
  4. Alveolar period
36
Q

Pseudo Glandular Period/Stage

A

Weeks 5-17

  • Respiration is not possible
  • Premature fetuses cannot survive
  • Lungs look like an exocrine organ
37
Q

Canalicular Period/Stage

A

Weeks 13-25

  • Overlaps with pseudo glandular period because cranial segments of the lungs mature faster than caudal ones
  • The lumen of the bronchi and terminal bronchioles become larger and the lungs become vascularized
  • Respiration is not possible
  • Premature rarely survive
38
Q

Terminal Sac Period/Stage

A

Weeks 24-birth

  • Type 1 & Type 2 pneumocytes are present
  • The epithelium becomes very thin
  • The intimate contact between epithelial and endothelial cells establishes the blood-air barrier
  • Respiration is possible
  • Premature fetuses born between weeks 25-28 can survive with intensive care
39
Q

Alveolar Period/Stage

A

Birth-8 years old

  • 95% of the mature alveoli develop after birth
  • Respiratory bronchioles, terminal sacs, alveolar ducts, and alveoli increase in number
  • Chest radiograph is more dense in children
40
Q

The blood-air barrier permits what?

A

Adequate gas exchange for survival of the fetus if it is born prematurely

41
Q

When does the production of surfactant increase?

A

During the last 2 weeks of pregnancy

42
Q

Type II pneumocytes secrete what?

A

Surfactant counteracting the surface tension forces and facilitating expansions of the terminal sacs

43
Q

Adequate pulmonary vasculature and sufficient surfactant are critical for what?

A

The survival of premature infants

44
Q

Developing lungs at birth are half filled with amniotic fluid. How is the fluid in the lungs cleared?

A
  • through the mouth and nose by pressure on the thorax during delivery
  • into the pulmonary capillaries
  • into the lymphatics and pulmonary arteries and veins
45
Q

What 3 factors are important for normal lung development?

A
  1. Adequate thoracic space for lung growth
  2. Fetal breathing movements
  3. Adequate amniotic fluid volume

Embryology (3 decks)

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