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RED > development of the reproductive system > Flashcards

development of the reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three primitive germ layers?

A

ectoderm - develops in skin
mesoderm- (paraxial- vertebrae, intermediate - urogenital structures, lateral)
endoderm- GIT and respiratory tubes

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2
Q

when does gastrulation occur?

A

day 16

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3
Q

what happens to the intermediate mesoderm?

A

condenses to form cylindrical structures creating the urogenital ridges.
They then organise into the nephrogenic cord which gives rise to urinary structures and the gonads

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4
Q

where does gonad development begin

A

in the yolk sac- lined with endoderm cells

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5
Q

how is the yolk sac connected to the embryo

A

via the vitelline duct

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6
Q

how to endoderm cells in the yolk sac become the primitive sex cords?

A

differentiate to primitive germ cells.
migrate along vitelline duct to the dorsal mesentery.
In week 6 they go to the genital ridge and settle in the epithelium
send signals to the ridge to self organise into an undifferentiated gonad of which the epithelium layer forms the primitive sex cords.

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7
Q

at what week does gonal differentiation occur

A

week 7

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8
Q

how do male gonads differentiate?

A

SRY region of the Y chromosome codes for testes determining factor
up regulating SOX9 which initiates testes development.

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9
Q

what happens to the primitive sex cords in males?

A

they become the medullary cords which carry germ cells into the mesoderm.
The medullary cord become 3 ductal structures: seminiferous tubules, straight tubules and the rete testes.

primordial germ cells into the seminiferous tubules and mature to become spermatogonia which then become sperm during puberty.

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10
Q

at what week do the cells in the walls of the seminiferous tubules become sertoli cells?

A

week 8

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11
Q

what do sertoli cells secrete

A

mullerian inhibiting factor

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12
Q

what do leydig cells secrete

A

testosterone

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13
Q

how do female gonads differentiate?

A

no SRY gene so no testes determining factor

WNT4 gene develops undifferentiated gonads into ovaries

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14
Q

what happens to the primitive sex cords in females?

A

they degenerate

the surface epithelium becomes cortical cords which form nests of follicular cells surrounding each primordial germ cell.

this is called a primordial follicle which becomes a primary then secondary oocyte.

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15
Q

from which embryological structure do the genital ducts originate from

A

nephrogenic duct

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16
Q

which embryological duct forms the male genital duct

A

mesonephric

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17
Q

which embryological duct forms the female genital duct

A

paramesonephric (mullerien)

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18
Q

how do the male genital ducts develop

A

mullerian inhibiting factor secreted from the sertoli cells degenerate the paramesonephric duct into the appendix testes

the mesonephric duct grows under the influence of testosterone forming:
efferent ductules
epididymus 
vas deferens 
seminal gland 
ejaculatory duct
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19
Q

what is the appendix testes

A

the degenerated paramesonephric duct

20
Q

how do the female genital ducts develop

A

there is no testosterone so the mesonephric duct degenerates

no mullein inhibiting factor so the paramesonephric duct persists to form:
fallopian tubes
uterus
cervix
1/3 vagina
21
Q

what are the two sets of folds that form the undifferentiated external genetalia

A

urethral folds and labioscrotal swellings

there is also the genital tubercle which forms the primordial phallus

22
Q

how does the male external genetalia develop

A

there are high levels of testosterone due to leydig cells
5-alpha-reductase converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (more potent) which masculinises the genetalia

urethral folds fuse along the midline to form the penile urethra
the primordial phallus elongates
the labioscrotal swellings fuse to form the scrotum

23
Q

how does the female external genetalia develop

A

no testosterone so the urethral folds stay unfused forming the labia minora

the labioscrotal swellings fuse anteriorly to form the mons pubis and the labia majora

the primordial phallus shrinks to form the clitoris

24
Q

what what week are the external genetalia done differentiating

A

week 12

25
Q

what does the gubernaculum anchor

A

the testes to the scrotum

26
Q

where do the testes originally develop

A

near the anterior abdominal wall

27
Q

what does the gubernaculum do

A

it shortens to pull the testes down towards the scrotum forming the inguinal canal (where the processes vaginalis herniates through the abdominal wall

28
Q

what are the contents of the spermatic cord

A

3 arteries 3 nerves 3 other

testicular artery, vas deferens artery and cremaster artery(+vein)

genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve, creasteric nerve and sympathetic nerve fibres

vas deferens
pampiniform plexus
lymph vessels

29
Q

what are the layers of the scrotum

A 
Some- skin
Damn- dartos fascia 
Englishman- external spermatic fascia 
Called- cremaster muscle 
It- internal spermatic fascia 
The- tunica vaginalis 
Testes- tunica albuginea

External spermatic fascia was originally the external clique aponeurosis
Cremaster was the internal oblique
Internal was the transversalis fascia

30
Q

what does the gubernaculum join in females

A

the inferior ovary to the labia majora

31
Q

what does the gubernaculum do in females

A

it shortens and the middle joins to the uterus forming two ligaments- the ovarian ligament and the round ligament

32
Q

what is cryptorchidism

A

undescended testes

can be anywhere along the path of descent: abdominal, inguinal, prescrotal

33
Q

what are the complications of undescended testes

A

TESTIS

T-trauma
E-epididymo-orchitis 
S-sterility
T-torsion
I-intestinal hernia 
S- seminoma
34
Q

what is hypospadias

A

congenital disorder of the urethra
the urinary opening is not at the head of the penis
failure of the urethral folds to close

35
Q

what other abnormalities is hypospadias associated with

A

undescended testicle, cleft lip/palate, congenital heart disease, inguinal hernia

36
Q

what is the venous drainage of the testes

A

the pampiniform plexus become a single vein as it ascends through the inguinal canal

right testicular vein drains into the IVC
the left testicular vein drains to the left renal vein

37
Q

what is varicocele

A

dilation of the pampiniform plexus

38
Q

why is varicocele seen more commonly on the left side

A
  1. the left testicular vein is longer
  2. it enters at a right angle to the renal vein
  3. the left testicular artery arches over it
  4. a loaded sigmoid colon can compress it
39
Q

what is testicular torsion

A

when the testicle rotates, twisting the spermatic cord thus stopping blood flow to the testicle

40
Q

what are the attachments of the inguinal ligament?

A

the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the pubic tubercle

41
Q

what are the boundaries of the inguinal canal

A

anterior- aponeurosis of the external oblique

posterior- transversals fascia

roof- internal oblique and transverse abdomenus

floor- inguinal ligament

42
Q

what are the openings of the inguinal canal

A

the deep ring: found above the midpoint of the inguinal ligament (created by transversals fascia)

the superficial ring: just superior to the pubic tubercle (created by evagination of the external oblique)

43
Q

what are the contents of the inguinal canal

A 
spermatic cord (males)
round ligament (females)
ilioinguina nerve (only passes through superficial ring not through the deep) 
genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
44
Q

what is an indirect hernia

A

where the peritoneal sac enters the inguinal canal through the deep ring

(hernia will be lateral to the epigastric vessels)

45
Q

what is a direct hernia

A

where the peritoneal sac enters the inguinal canal through the posterior wall

(hernia will be medial to epigastric vessels)

46
Q

what is a bicornate uterus

A

a ‘heart shaped uterus’
failure of the fusion of the user parts of the paramesonephric ducts

has a risk of recurrent miscarriage

RED (11 decks)

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