Development Of The Nursing Profession As A Discipline

Question 0

Who is the founder of professional nursing?

Answer 0

Florence Nightingale

Question 1

What is germ theory?

Answer 1

Germs are passed from one to the other, and cause illness; something that you cannot see.

Question 2

What did Florence Nightingale do for nursing as a practice?

Answer 2

Dramatically decreased mortality and morbidity rates with smile nursing care.
She did not believe in germ theory, but did believe in hand washing and hygiene as a contributing factor to good health. She prevented physicians from moving between patients without washing their hands.

Question 3

First hospital in Canada?

Answer 3

Sick bay; 1629 in Port Royal/Acadia

Question 4

Who founded first financially independent nursing schools?

Answer 4

Florence Nightingale 1860

Question 5

First hospital nursing school in Canada?

Answer 5

1874 - St. Catherine’s Training School

Students provided care in exchange for education and cost of living; free labor for the hospital.

Question 6

What did Mary Agnes Snively do?

Answer 6

In 1896 she put a 3 year course in place, trying to establish more formal curriculum/education into the nursing program. This is the first time in a long time that nursing is seen as an education.
This was a turning point in getting us where we need to be.

Question 7

First undergraduate program in Canada?

Answer 7

1919 at university of British Columbia

Question 8

What did the Alberta Taskforce on nursing education decide in 1975?

Answer 8

All registered nurses should have university degrees.

Question 9

First doctoral nursing program?

Answer 9

1991 at university of Alberta.

Question 10

What level of degree do you need to practice as an RN in Canada?

Answer 10

BSN

Question 11

Define theory

Answer 11

Provides a systematic view for explaining, predicting, and prescribing phenomena.

Question 12

What is nursing theory?

Answer 12

It is a conceptualization of some aspect of nursing.
It communicates the purpose of describing, explaining, predicting, and/or prescribing nursing care.
Remember - a conceptual framework is different than a theory.

Question 13

What is a phenomenon?

Answer 13

An aspect of reality that can be consciously sensed or experienced; nursing concepts and theories represent the theoretical approach to making sense of aspects of reality of concern to nursing..
ex: pain

Question 14

What is a concept?

Answer 14

A mental formulation of objects or events, representing the basic way in which ideas are organized and communicated
ex: anxiety

Question 15

What is an operational definition?

Answer 15

A description of concepts, articulated in such a way that they can be applied to decision making in practice. It links concepts with other concepts and with theories, and it often includes the essential properties and distinguishing features of a concept.
ex: differentiation and measurement of state and trait anxiety

Question 16

What is an assumption?

Answer 16

A description of concepts or connection of two concepts that are accepted as factual or true; includes “taken for granted” ideas about the nature and purpose of concepts, as well as the structure of theory.
ex: “nursing exists to serve a social mandate”

Question 17

what is a proposition?

Answer 17

A declarative assertion.

ex: “clients who receive appropriate nursing care have better health outcomes”

Question 18

what is a theoretical model?

Answer 18

mental representation of how things work. For example, an architect’s plan for a house is not the house itself but rather the set of information necessary to understand how all of the building elements will be brought together to create that particular house.
ex: biopsychosocial model of health

Question 19

what is a conceptual framework?

Answer 19

The theoretical structure that links concepts together for a specific purpose. When its purpose is to show how something works, it can also be described as a theoretical model. Nursing conceptual frameworks link major nursing concepts and phenomena to direct nursing decisions (e.g., what to assess, how to make sense of data, what to plan, how to enact a plan, and how to evaluate whether the plan has had the intended outcome). Conceptual frameworks are also often referred to as nursing models or nursing theories.

Question 20

What is a grand theory?

Answer 20

Global, conceptual framework, extremely abstract; nursing science as a whole - on a grand scale. Very broad; sometimes called paradigms.

Question 21

What is middle-range theory?

Answer 21

Less abstract than grand theory - address specific phenomena or concepts, and reflect practice; tend to cross different nursing fields and reflect a variety of nursing care situations.

Question 22

What is descriptive theory?

Answer 22

Describes phenomena, speculates on why phenomena occur, and describes conseuqences of it. - About a class of nursing phenomena in general.

Question 23

What is a prescriptive theory?

Answer 23

Addresses specific nursing interventions. Action oriented - test validity and predictability of a nursing intervention.
These theories guide nursing research to develop and test specific nursing interventions.
Practicing nurses love these theories.

Question 24

what are the major theoretical models? (5)

Answer 24

Practice-based theories
Needs theories
Interactionist theories
Systems theories
Simultaneity theories

Question 25

what are the metaparadigm concepts? (4)

Answer 25

Client and person
Environment
Health
Nursing

Question 26

Client and person

Answer 26

always the whole person, holistic view of the person. Also individual and community, (whole community or family as a patient)

Question 27

Environment

Answer 27

we all interact with an environment, but they are all very different. Environment is very individualized but has a huge impact on your health needs

Question 28

Health

Answer 28

health is not just the absence of disease. Means you are living the best life that you can. Optimal health, to which all people can strive.

Question 29

Nursing

Answer 29

understands the interaction of this metaparadigm

Question 30

Practice-based Theories

Answer 30

• Can be extremely contextual; can be bound sometimes by the timeframe in which they were developed
  ex: Florence Nightingale; The McGill Model

Question 31

Needs Theories

Answer 31

• Represents concepts connected to patients needs; reflect a collection of patient needs; Maslow’s Hierarchy
  ex: Virginia Henderson (14 basic human needs); Dorothea Orem (self-care theory, universal self-care prerequisites; broad theoretical concepts on how we help patients maintain health)

Question 32

Interactions Theories

Answer 32

• Relationship between nurses and their clients/patients; communication, interaction; how behaviour and relationships help meet client needs
  Ex: Hildegard Peplau (psychiatric background, depicted nursing all about the the therapeutic relationship; the way you interact with patients helps them meet their needs or goals); Joyce Travelbee (interpersonal processes); Evelyn Adam (based on Henderson, nurse-patient interaction)

Question 33

Systems Theories

Answer 33

• how all the parts of something interact together as a whole; living systems
  Ex: Dorothy Johnson (individual in the middle of a behavioural system); The UBC model (how you help people change behaviour); Betty Neuman (a very holistic view of things - broke human experience out into all these systems)

Question 34

Simultaneity Theories

Answer 34

• universal, existential
  ex: Martha Rogers, Rosemarie Parse (Rogers and Parse can be quite out there); Jean Watson (used this theory but focused on the area of caring; her theory of care has been widely taught).