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Neuro > Development of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Development of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the endoderm layer in embryology become?

A
  1. Digestive system
  2. Liver
  3. Pancreas
  4. Lungs (inner layers)
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2
Q

What does the mesoderm layer in embryology become?

A
  1. Circulatory system
  2. Lungs (epithelial layer)
  3. Bone
  4. Muscles
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3
Q

What does the ectoderm layer in embryology become?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Hair
  3. Nails
  4. Nervous system
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4
Q

What is neurulation?

A

The process where the neural tube forms.

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5
Q

When does neurulation occur?

A

Weeks 3-4

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6
Q

What does the neural tube eventually form in the adult?

A

CNS

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7
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

The formation of the three primary germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm by the primitive streak.

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8
Q

What does the notochord form later in life?

A

The notochord becomes the nucleus pulposus

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9
Q

How does the neural plate change in week 3?

A

The neural plate changes shape forming the neural folds and neural grooves. Eventually the two neural folds fuse together forming the neural tube.

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10
Q

How does the mesoderm around the neural tube change?

A

The mesoderm around the the neural tube thickens and subdivides producing somites.

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11
Q

What are somites precursors for?

A

The axial musculature and skeleton

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12
Q

What does the neural crest form?

A

Peripheral nervous system
Dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves
Cranial Nerves

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13
Q

What does the notochord do?

A

Stimulates the neurulation process

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14
Q

What does the alar plate give rise to?

A

Sensory afferent neurones

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15
Q

What does the basal plate give rise to?

A

Motor efferent neurones

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16
Q

What is the sulcus limitans?

A

The boundary between the alar and basal plate.

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17
Q

What does each somite give rise to?

A

Dermatome
Myotome
Sclerotome

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18
Q

What does a dermatome give rise to?

A

Skin and epithelia

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19
Q

What does a myotome give rise to?

A

Muscle and connective tissue

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20
Q

What does a sclerotome give rise to?

A

Vertebral column

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21
Q

What are the three primary brain vesicles of the neural tube?

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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22
Q

What does the prosencephalon become in the adult brain?

A

Cerebrum and thalamus

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23
Q

What does the mesencephalon become in the adult brain?

A

The midbrain

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24
Q

What does the rhombencephalon become in the adult brain?

A

The pons
Medulla
Cerebellum

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25
Q

A thickening of the ectoderm in week 3 of gestation leads to what?

A

Formation of the neural plate

26
Q

What two secondary brain vesicles does the prosencephalon develop into?

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

27
Q

What two secondary brain vesicles does the rhombencephalon develop into?

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

28
Q

In which germ layer do somites form?

A

Mesoderm

29
Q

What does the telencephalon develop into?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

Lateral ventricles

30
Q

What does the diencephalon develop into?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

31
Q

Where does the CNS come from?

A

Neural tube

32
Q

Where does the PNS come from?

A

Neural crest

33
Q

How does the notochord form?

A

The notochord forms through invagination of the mesoderm at the region of the primitive streak.

34
Q

What does the alar plate give rise to?

A

Dorsal neurons (sensory)

35
Q

What does the basal plate give rise to?

A

Ventral neurons (motor)

36
Q

What does the neural tube differentiate into initially?

A

Alar plate

Basal plate

37
Q

What happens to the neural crest cells in the neural tube?

A

The neural crest cells undergo epithelial mesenchymal transition. This allows them to move out of the neural tube and migrate into the embryo.

38
Q

Which cells in the embryo undergo epithelial mesenchymal transition?

A

Neural crest cells

39
Q

What do proprioreceptors sense?

A

Sense of self e.g position of the limb in space

40
Q

What are the autonomic nervous system neurons derived from?

A

Neural crest cells

41
Q

What type of outflow does the sympathetic nervous system have?

A

Thoraco-lumbar outflow

42
Q

What type of outflow does the parasympathetic nervous system have?

A

Cervical-sacral outflow

43
Q

What controls the development of the vertebrae?

A

Sclerotomes

44
Q

What neuropeptide causes nerve tissue to grow and develop?

A

NGF - nerve growth factor

45
Q

What does sonic hedgehog do?

A

Stimulate development of the neural tube

46
Q

What releases sonic hedgehog?

A

The notochord

47
Q

Where do the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus develop from?

A

The diencephalon

48
Q

At what point is the neural tube formed?

A

When gastrulation gives rise to the third germ layers the endoderm.

49
Q

What develops into the peripheral system neurons?

A

Neural crest cells

50
Q

From what germ layer does the digestive system form?

A

Endoderm

51
Q

From what germ layer does the circulatory system form?

A

Mesoderm

52
Q

From what germ layer does the nervous system form?

A

Ectoderm

53
Q

From what germ layer does the skin form?

A

Ectoderm

54
Q

From what germ layer do muscles and bones form?

A

Mesoderm

55
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

The primitive streak is a transient structure whose formation, on day 15 of human development, marks the start of gastrulation. The process in which the inner cell mass in converted into the trilaminar embryonic disc, which is comprised of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm).

56
Q

From what vesicle of the brain do the thalamus and cerebrum originate?

A

Prosencephalon

57
Q

From what vesicle of the brain does the midbrain come from?

A

Mesencephalon

58
Q

From what vesicle of the brain do the pons, the medulla oblongata, and cerebellum form from?

A

Rhombencephalon

59
Q

When does gastrulation occur in embryological development?

A

Day 15

60
Q

From what germ layer does the neural plate form?

A

Ectoderm

Neuro (10 decks)

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