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613: Human Development and the Life Cycle > Development of the Muscular System > Flashcards

Development of the Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

The muscular system develops from which germ layer?

A

Mesoderm

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2
Q

Musculature of the axial skeleton, body wall, and limbs is derived from what?

A

Somites

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3
Q

Each somite differentiates into 3 distinct cell populations. What are these?

A

1) the dermatome
2) the myotome
3) the sclerotome

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4
Q

What do dermatome cells form?

A

The dermis

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5
Q

What do myotome cells form?

A

Segmental musculature

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6
Q

What do sclerotome cells form?

A

The vertebrae and ribs

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7
Q

In the third week the intraembryonic mesoderm lateral to the notochord and neural tube thicken to form what?

A

Two longitudinal columns of paraxial mesoderm

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8
Q

Toward the end of the third week the columns of paraxial mesoderm become what?

A

Segmented into blocks of mesoderm called somites

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9
Q

Where is the sclerotome located?

A

Ventromedial

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10
Q

Where are the dermatome and myotome located?

A

Dorsolateral

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11
Q

The paraxial mesoderm and the somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm give rise to what?

A

Mesenchymal structures of the limbs

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12
Q

The paraxial mesoderm gives rise to what?

A

somites and the dermis

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13
Q

The intermediate mesoderm gives rise to what?

A

the kidneys and associated ducts, as well as the epididymis and vas deferens in the male, and the vagina, uterine tubes, uterus of the female

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14
Q

Somatic and Splanchnic Mesoderm are derived from what?

A

Lateral Plate Mesoderm

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15
Q

Somatic Mesoderm gives rise to what?

A
  • Parietal pleura
  • Parietal pericardium
  • Parietal peritoneum
  • Connective tissue and skeleton of the body wall and limbs
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16
Q

Splanchnic Mesoderm gives rise to what?

A
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels and blood cells
  • Parts of the gonads
  • Smooth muscle of viscera and blood vessels
  • The visceral pleura
  • Pericardium and peritoneum
  • The mesenteries
  • The cortex of the adrenal gland
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17
Q

From External to Internal the basic layers of the embryo are what?

A

1) Epidermis
2) Muscle and Bone
3) Endoabdominal fascia
4) Parietal Pleura or Peritoneum
5) Intraembryonic coelom (pleural cavity)
6) Visceral pleura or peritoneum
7) Gut tube
8) Endothelium of gut tube
9) Opening of gut tube continuous with mouth and anus

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18
Q

Originally how many pairs of somites are there?

A

43; but many of the coccygeal somites degenerate

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19
Q

The myotome differentiates into what two layers?

A
  • Epimere

- Hypomere

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20
Q

The epimere gives rise to what?

A

Deep Muscles of the Back

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21
Q

The hypomere gives rise to what?

A

Skeletal Muscle of the trunk and most or all of Limb muscles

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22
Q

Which ramus supplies the epimere and which supplies the hypomere?

A

Dorsal Ramus supplies the epimere

Ventral Ramus supplies the hypomere

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23
Q

3 directions the sclerotome cells migrate

A

1) Posteromedial Migration
2) Anteromedial Migration
3) Anterolateral Migration

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24
Q

Sclerotome cells that migrate posteromedial become what?

A
  • Neural Arch
  • Lamina
  • Transverse and Spinous Processes
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25
Q

Sclerotome cells that migrate anteromedial become what?

A

The vertebral column

26
Q

Sclerotome cells that migrate anterolateral become what?

A

The ribs or rib contribution to vertebra

27
Q

The myotome gives rise to what 5 things?

A
  • Epimere (deep muscles of the back)
  • Hypomere (skeletal muscles)
  • Muscles of the limbs
  • Tongue Muscles
  • Extraocular Muscles
28
Q

Where are pharyngeal arches located and what will they become?

A

They are located below the forming mouth and will become structures of the face

29
Q

Briefly describe limb formation

A

A region of the body wall (limb field) becomes a limb bud. This limb bud grows in proximal-distal order (i.e. shoulder first, manus last). The manus resembles a paddle in which digits emerge by an interdigital necrotic process later on.

30
Q

How do intersegmental vertebrae form?

A

Sclerotomal cells migrate from adjacent somites above and below each future vertebra allowing the spinal nerves to leave the spinal cord between adjacent vertebrae.

31
Q

How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

A

33 including the five that are fused to form the sacrum

32
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

33
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

34
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

35
Q

What does the costal process result from?

A

The ventrolateral outgrowth of the caudal, denser half of a sclerotome.

36
Q

What does the costal process form in the cervical region?

A

The anterior and lateral boundary of the foramen transversarium.

37
Q

What does the costal process form in the thoracic region?

A

The ribs

38
Q

What does the costal process form in the lumbar region?

A

They fuse with the transverse processes

39
Q

What does the costal process form in the sacral region?

A

They unite to form the anterior portion of the ala of the sacrum.

40
Q

When does the development of cartilage and bone begin?

A

At the end of the 4th week of development

41
Q

What is the first step in bone formation?

A

The sclerotome cells form condensations of mesenchymal cells that form bone models.

42
Q

After the condensation of mesenchyme what two paths can be took?

A

1) Mesenchyme can be differentiated directly into bone

2) Mesenchyme can be differentiated into a cartilage model

43
Q

Mesenchyme that is differentiated directly into bone is said to what kind of bone formation?

A

Intramembranous Bone Formation

44
Q

Mesenchyme that is differentiated into a cartilage model first is said to what kind of bone formation?

A

Intercartilaginous Bone Formation

45
Q

Which type of bones develop via Intramembranous Bone Formation?

A

Flat bones

46
Q

Which type of bones develop via Intercartilaginous Bone Formation?

A

Long Bones and Bones of the Limbs

47
Q

Briefly describe the steps of bone formation

A

1) Mesenchyme migrates and condenses
2) Mesenchyme arises from mesoderm or neural crest
3) Cartilaginous model of the bone is formed
4) Primary center of ossification appears around 8 weeks
5) Secondary centers of ossification appear after birth
6) Ossification completion varies in time… up to 20+ years to close some epiphyses

48
Q

_____ remove bone tissue and ______ form new bone

A

Osteoclasts

Osteoblasts

49
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

The process by which most bones in the body grow

50
Q

2 Stages of Ossification of the Vertebral Column

A

1) Primary Ossification Center

2) Secondary Ossification Center

51
Q

When does the primary ossification center appear?

A

At the end of the 8th week

52
Q

How many primary ossification centers are present by the end of the embryonic period?

A

3

  • One in the centrum
  • One in each of the neural arches
53
Q

When does the secondary ossification center appear?

A

After puberty

54
Q

How many primary ossification centers are present?

A

5

  • One at the tip of the spinous process
  • One at the tip of each transverse process
  • one at the superior rim of the vertebral body
  • one at the inferior rim of the vertebral body
55
Q

What causes spina bifida?

A

Incomplete fusion of the halves of the vertebral arches resulting in midline defect usually in lumbosacral region

56
Q

What causes hemivertebra?

A

Failure of one of the chondrofication centers to appear and subsequent failure of half of the vertebra to form

57
Q

What does hemivertebra cause?

A

Scoliosis (lateral curvature)

58
Q

What causes sacraliztion of the 5th lumbar vertebra?

A

The 5th lumbar is fused with the sacrum

59
Q

What does sacraliztion of the 5th lumbar vertebra cause?

A

Hypermobility of L4

60
Q

13 Steps to Intracartilaginous Ossification

Starting with Condensation of Mesenchyme all the way to Long Bones are produced

A

1) Condensation of Mesenchyme
2) Formation of Cartilage Model
3) Ossification of Cartilage Model
4) Degeneration of Cartilage
5) Activate Perichondrium to become Periosteum
6) Formation of External Compact Bone
7) Vascular Tissue Invasion
8) Formation of Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, and Hemopoetic Cells
9) Primary Center of Ossification (in Diaphysis)
10) Continued Distal Proliferation of Cartilage
11) Growth in Length
12) Secondary Centers of Ossification
13) Long Bones

61
Q

11 Steps to Intramembranous Ossification

Starting with Condensation of Mesenchyme all the way to Flat Bones are produced

A

1) Condensation of Mesenchyme
2) Formation of Osteoblasts
3) Formation of Osteoid Tissue
4) Deposition of Calcium Phosphate
5) Formation of Osteoblasts
6) Formation of Bone Matrix
7) Formation of Osteocytes
8) Formation of Spongy Bone
9) Condensation of Tissue Around the Bone
10) Formation of Periosteum and Compact Bone
11) Flat Bones

613: Human Development and the Life Cycle (7 decks)

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