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Physiology 1 : cardiovascular > Development of the heart and blood vessels > Flashcards

Development of the heart and blood vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What is the defect associated with the formation of the four chambered heart tube?

A

→Situs inversus

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2
Q

What is the defect associated with cardiac looping?

A

→Dextrocardia

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3
Q

What is the defect associated with division of the atrioventricular canal into left and right channels?

A

→Ventricular septal defect

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4
Q

What is the defect associated with the formation of the atrial septa?

A

→Atrial septal defect – foramen ovale

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5
Q

What is the defect associated with the formation of the conotruncal cushions and division of the outflow tract?

A

→Tetralogy of Fallot

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6
Q

What is a morula?

A

→Solid ball of cells formed at day 4 as the zygote undergoes cleavage

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7
Q

What is an early blastocyst?

A

→ Hollow ball of cells with a fluid filled cavity

→ day 6

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8
Q

What is a late blastocyst?

A

→ Pre-embryo with the embryonic disk
→ two layers of cells that become the proper embryo
→ day 10

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9
Q

What is a gastrula?

A

→ Embryo with three primary germ layers

→day 16

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10
Q

What is the ectotherm?

A

→ Skin, brain spinal cord, sensory organs

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11
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

→ Heart, skeletal muscle, kidneys, urogenital, connective tissue

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12
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

→ Lining of the GI tract and lungs, pancreas and liver

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13
Q

Describe gastrulation

A

→ Ring of blood islands towards the head in a horse shoe shape
→ Primitive streak will define the left and right of the embryo
→ Notochord will form part of the backbone
→Blood islands fuse together to form two basic tubes

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14
Q

Describe the formation of the heart tubes at 18 days

A

Heart develops from the primitive streak via the blood islands in the splanchnic mesoderm.

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15
Q

Describe the formation of the heart tubes at 20 days

A

The blood islands slowly form together into 2 tubes called cardiogenic cords

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16
Q

Describe the formation of the heart tubes at 21 days

A

The tubes fuse down the middle to make one heart tube.

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17
Q

Describe the formation of the heart tubes at 22 days

A

→Further development gives rise to a tube with asymmetric openings forming a arterial and venous end.

→Beginning of asymmetry in bulge to the left.

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18
Q

What is situs inversus?

A

→ normally functioning organs

→ organs are complete mirror images of the normal form

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19
Q

Describe cardiac looping at day 22

A

→The cells at each end of the heart proliferate making the tube longer.
→ The entire structure is in a confined space so begins to fold up on itself.

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20
Q

Describe cardiac looping at day 23

A

→ The primitive atrium loop up above and behind the primitive ventricle.
→ The looping process brings the primitive areas of the heart into the proper spatial relationship for development.

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21
Q

What is dextrocardia?

A

→ Organs are in the normal place apart from the heart which is on the right

22
Q

Describe cardiac looping at day 24

A

→ The primitive atrium we see from the front when viewed from the side is growing out of the back and becoming 2 atria

→ The future ventricle grows downwards at the front

23
Q

Describe cardiac looping at day 35

A

→ The heart is beating by this stage and the foetal heart can be seen on the ultrasound
→The four interior chambers are not yet divided

24
Q

Where does the septum primum grow?

A

→ grows along the midsagittal plane separating the atria except for a temporary space called the foramen primum

25
Q

How does division of the AV canal occur?

A

→ The left side of the atrium grows pulmonary veins and sends growing veins down to the developing lungs

→ Posterior and anterior endocardial cushions fuse
dividing the atria from the ventricles

→ Ventricular septum grows upwards to form a division between the two ventricles

→ attaches to the divisions between atria and ventricle

26
Q

What is one of the causes of ventricular septal defect?

A

→ failure of endocardial cushions to provide an anchor point for the developing ventricular septum

27
Q

What happens during ventricular septal defect?

A

→ During ventricular contraction some of the blood from the LV leaks into the RV

→It then passes through the lungs and re-enters the left ventricle via the pulmonary veins and left atrium

28
Q

What are the two main effects of ventricular septal defect?

A

1) systemic circulation doesn’t receive all the blood being pumped by the left ventricle
2) Leakage of blood into the right ventricle elevates ventricular pressure and volume causing pulmonary hypertension

29
Q

What can be extent of ventricular septal defect?

A

→ extent of the opening may vary from pin size to complete absence of the ventricular septum

30
Q

Describe the formation of the atrial septa

septum primum

A

→ temporary hole in the septum primum called the foramen primum which permits the left to right shunt of foetal blood because there is no pulmonary circulation
→ this closes before a second hole called the foramen secundum opens

31
Q

When does the formation of atrial septa occur?

A

→ day 40

32
Q

Describe the formation of the atrial septa

septum secundum

A

→ A second more muscular and robust septum grows down from the roof of the atria just lateral to the septum primum
→ It obscures the place where the foramen primum was
→ The anterior and posterior endocardial cushions have fused leaving left and right AV canals

33
Q

Describe the formation of the septum secundum at 43 days

A

→ septum secundum grows but leaves the foramen ovale, a space permitting right to left shunt of blood

34
Q

Describe what happens to the septum primum at 43 days?

A

→ Foramen secundum is partially obscured by the septum secundum
→ Foramen ovale remains providing an alternative left to right shunt
→ foramen primum is closed

35
Q

What happens to the ventricular septum at 43 days?

A

→ grows up to fuse with the fused endocardial cushions

36
Q

Give a summary of the formation of the atrial septa

A

1) septum primum grows -atrial septa
2) foramen primum is a hole in the septum primum
3) Foramen primum closes and the foramen secundum opens
4) septum secundum grows but the foramen secundum is not completely obliterated as it becomes the foramen ovale

37
Q

What happens at birth with respect to the atrial septa ?

A

→ lungs become functional
→ pulmonary vascular pressure decreases
→ left atria pressure > right atrial pressure
→ forces the septum primum against septum secundum
→ closes the foramen ovale
→ in time the septa fuse

38
Q

Why is there no division of the outflow tract?

A

→ No separation between ventricles

→ all the blood from the heart is leaving through one vessel

39
Q

What does separation of the ventricles result from?

A

Unions of the
→ conotruncal septum
→ endocardial cushions
→ ventricular septum

40
Q

What happens to the conotruncal septum?

A

→ grows as a spiral down the conus arteriosus
→meets with the endocardial cushions and the ventricular septum
→ three of them make the final full separation of the left and right sides

41
Q

What happens if the conotruncal septum is misaligned?

A

→ differently sized aorta and pulmonary artery

→or it won’t meet with the endocardial cushion correctly and give rise to a septal defect

42
Q

What are the 4 parts of Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

1) pulmonary stenosis
2) overriding aorta
3) ventricular septal defect
4) right ventricular hypertrophy

43
Q

Describe pulmonary stenosis (ToF)

A

→ spiral valve has grown off center so large aorta and small pulmonary artery
→ restricts blood flow to the lungs

44
Q

Describe overriding aorta (ToF)

A

→ Aortic opening is positioned over a ventricular septal defect
→ allowing blood from both sides of the heart to enter the aorta
→ some deoxygenated blood pumped around the body

45
Q

Describe Ventricular septal defect (ToF)

A

→ During systole blood from LV leaks into RV
→passes through lungs and enters left ventricle via pulmonary veins and left atrium
→increases pulmonary circulation and causes volume overload in the left ventricle

46
Q

Describe right ventricular hypertrophy (ToF)

A

→ The right ventricular wall increases in size to deal with obstruction in the pulmonary artery

47
Q

What is ductus arteriosus?

A

→ A blood vessel connecting the main pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta

48
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus do?

A

→ Allows most of the blood from the RV to bypass the foetal fluid-filled non functioning lungs

49
Q

What happens to the ductus arteriosus at birth?

A

→ It closes at birth and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum

50
Q

What is the function of the foramen ovale?

A

→Allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium
→ Along with ductus arteriosus it allows blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation

51
Q

What happens to the foramen ovale in most individuals?

A

→ The foramen ovale closes at birth and later forms the fossa ovalis

Physiology 1 : cardiovascular (18 decks)

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