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GI Embryology > Development Of The GI Tract > Flashcards

Development Of The GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of trilaminar disc?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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2
Q

When does the embryonic disc form?

A

During 3rd week of development

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3
Q

What are the parts of mesoderm?

A

The paraxial mesoderm
The intermediate mesoderm
The lateral plate mesoderm

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4
Q

The interface between amniotic cavity and the yolk sac is the

A

Embryonic disc

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5
Q

Yolk sac forms

A

The digestive tube(tract)

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6
Q

Amniotic cavity folds in how many directions

A

4 directions

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7
Q

Embryonic disc is where

A

All the organs and structures in an adult come from

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8
Q

The endoderm forms

A

The lining (epithelium)of the GI tract,some accessory organs (many organs bud off :liver pancreas,trachea)and glands of the GI tract

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9
Q

Mesoderm forms

A

The stroma(GI tract connective tissue)and muscles surrounding abdominal structures in the GI tract,peritoneum and spleen

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10
Q

Foregut is supplied by

A

Celiac trunk

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11
Q

Midgut is supplied by:

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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12
Q

Hind gut is supplied by

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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13
Q

When the foregut,midgut and hind gut forms, most of the yolk sac has disappeared except:

A

The vitelline duct(omphalomesenteric duct)

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14
Q

Portions of the GI tract includes

A

Forgut
Midgut
Hindgut

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15
Q

Foregut gives rise to everything supplied by the celiac trunk

A

All the structures from the mouth to ampulla of vater

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16
Q

Midgut gives rise to everthing supplied by SMA which includes;

A

Which includes structures from ampulla of vater to transverse colocn

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17
Q

Hindgut gives rise to structures supplied by IMA which includes

A

Transverse colon to rectum

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18
Q

Mesentery is

A

Double layer of peritoneum(sheets of connective tissue)

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19
Q

Function of mesentery

A

Suspends abdominal organs from cavity walls
Blood vessels also travel through the mesentery as they go from the aorta to the organs which they supply

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20
Q

Intraperitoneal organs

A

Enclosed by mesentery(within the peritoneal cavity)

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21
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

Covered by peritoniun only on anterior wall
Lie against the posterior abdominal wall

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22
Q

Mesentery comes from:

A

Mesoderm(mes in mesoderm mes in mesentery)

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23
Q

What are the two types of mesentery

A

Dorsal mesentery(towards the back of the fetus)
Ventral mesentery (towards the front of the fetus)

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24
Q

Most of the connective tissue structures comes from the:

A

Dorsal mesentery
The reason for this is because the gut moves away from the posterior wall in development and the dorsal mesentery grows between the gut and posterior wall so that most structures are covered by this mesentery

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25
Q

Ventral mesentery only exists in

A

Esophagus,stomach and
upper duodenum
Liver grows into this mesentery
In adult:lesser omentum and falciform ligament.

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26
Q

Ventral mesentery derives from

A

Septum transversum which is a mesenchyme tissue

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27
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

28
Q

Lesser omentum

A

Connects the liver and stomach(lesser curvature)

29
Q

Mesentery goes by different names depending upon whcih abdomina organs it is surrounding

A

Mesentery around stomach:mesogastrium
Mesentery around the duodenum:mesoduodenum
Mesentery around the colon: mesocolon

30
Q

Omentum is

A

Sheet of connective and fatty tissue.latin “apron”

31
Q

Greater omentum

A

Hangs from greater curvature of stomach
Covers intestines
Formed from mesogastrium

32
Q

Lesser omentum

A

Between stomach and liver
Formed from ventral mesentery

33
Q

Lung buds off from

A

Esophagus(foregut)

34
Q

Budding off of lung is called

A

Respiratory diverticulum ir lung bud

35
Q

What divides the lung bud from the esophagus?

A

The tracheoesophageal septum

36
Q

Abnormal development of tracheoesophageal septum results in:

A

Esophageal atresia(closed esophagus) this occurs when the septum deviates posteriorly cutting off the esophagus.

37
Q

Name the types of esophageal atresia

A

1.Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula(most common)which is connection between the trachea and the distal portion of the esophagus.the proximal portion has been cut off.
2.Pure esophageal atresia (less common)this is where proximal esophagus ends in blind tube and distal part is not connected to trachea at all.
3.H type (more rare)where esophagus and trachea are bith separate tubes but they are connected by a fistula.

38
Q

What are the clinical features of esophageal atresia:

A

Esophagus does not connect to the stomach>baby can’t swallow fluid>polyhydromnios
Drooling choking and vomiting>due to accumulation of secretions which can’t be swallowed
NG is often passed into the stomach to control excess secretions but in the case of esophageal atresia Ng tube can’t be passed to the stomach as esophagus ends in blind pouch
If there’s a fistula:
Gastric distension(air in stomach on CXR)
Reflux>aspiration pnemonia>respiratory distress

39
Q

Treatment of esophageal atresia

A

Surgical repair

40
Q

Prognosis of surgery for esophageal atresia

A

1.Sometimes residual dysmotility
2.GERD

41
Q

Two phenomenon occurs during midgut development:

A

Herniation
Rotation

42
Q

Physiological herniation is

A

When contents of mid gut exits the abdomen and then return

43
Q

Rotation of gut is when:

A

Contents of mid gut rotates around SMA

44
Q

When does physiological herniation occur and why

A

6th week of development
It occurs because the abdomen temporarily becomes too small leading to hernaition of intestine through the umbilical cord.( visible on U/S)

45
Q

When does the herniation reduce

A

10th week of development

46
Q

What happens if the midgut does not return to the abdomen?

A

The baby will be born with omphalocele

47
Q

What’s an omphalocele?

A

Persistence of normal herniation
Intestines will be outside the abdomen covered by membrane

48
Q

What’s the difference between simple and liver containing omphalocele?

A

When the membrane only contains intestines it’s simole omphalocele.
When liver is also present then it’s the latter one.liver herniates because the lateral folds fail to fuse

49
Q

Key features of omphalocele that distinguishes from gastroschisis

A

Covered by peritonium
Herniates through umbilical cord

50
Q

Babies with omphalocele has

A

Normal GI function
Many genetic defects(trisomy21(down syndrome,18edward syndrome,13)
Many associated conditions(conginetal heart defects(upto 50% of babies)
Orofacial clefts
Neural tube defects

51
Q

Gastroschisis is

A

Extrusion of bowel through abdominal wall

52
Q

Key features that distinguishes from omphalocele

A

Paraumbilical defect usually on the right side of umbilical cord
Not covered by peritonium

53
Q

Mechanism of gastroschisis

A

Incomplete closure of abdominal wall

54
Q

Features of gastroschisis include

A

Poor GI function as the intetstine is damaged when it comes outside the abdomen(often associted with atresia,stenosis)
Few associated defects
If GI function restored good prognosis
Rarely associated with down or other conginital disease

55
Q

Treatment of gastroschisis

A

Surgical reduction

56
Q

The ectoderm forms

A

The skin
The CNS
The neural crest cells(gangion cells present in myenteric plexus of GI tissue)

57
Q

What does the notochord form

A

Nucleus pulposa

58
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm form

A

Sclerotome
Dermatome
Myotome

59
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm form?

A

Urogenital system

60
Q

The lateral plate mesoderm is divided into:

A

Splancnic mesoderm
Somatic mesoderm

61
Q

What does splancnic mesoderm form?

A

Viseral peritonium,layers of gut loops like the mucous submucosa etc

62
Q

What does somatic mesoderm form?

A

Parietal peritonium

63
Q

Name three major branches of celiac trunk and their innervation

A

Splenic artery(spleen)
Left gastric artery(stomach)
Common hepatic (liver) which divides into cystic(GB) gastroduodenal(first part of duodenum) pancreaticoduodenal artery(pancreas)

64
Q

Rotation of midgut results in

A

Normsl positioning of small bowel,colon
Cecum in right lower quadrant

65
Q

Mal rotation of midgut results in

A

Bowel obstruction
Volvulus
Left sided colon

GI Embryology (1 decks)

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