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Nothing's More Cuterus than your Uterus > Development of the Genital System > Flashcards

Development of the Genital System Flashcards

1
Q 
Overall timeline of sexual differentiation
Wks 1-6
Wk 7
Wk 12
Wk 20
A

1-6: indifferent embryo

7: sex diff begins
12: F and M genitalia can be recognized
20: phenotypic diff complete

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2
Q

Describe the path of the primordial germ cell in the indifferent gonad

A
  • germ cells specified within epiblasts
  • after gastrulation and body folding, they end up in the yolk sac wall
  • they migrate up the dorsal mesentery to enter the genital ridge
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3
Q

What somatic support cells, found in the 6 wk indifferent gonad, differentiate ultimately into what (M and F)?

A

M: Sertoli
F: follicle

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4
Q

What type of ‘derm’ do both ducts (parameso- and meso- nephric) form from?

A

intermediate mesoderm of the urogenital ridge

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5
Q

What are the ultimate structures of the mesonephric duct?

A

epididymis
vas deferens
seminal cesicle
ejaculatory duct

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6
Q

What are the ultimate structures of the paramesonephric duct?

A

oviduct
uterus
upper vagina

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7
Q

What is the gene of the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome?

A

SRY gene

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8
Q

Sexual dimorphism depends on what 2 things? (one specific, one general)

A

Y chromosome

but also some autosomes

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9
Q

What is the importance of the SRY gene?

A

determines gonad type, which determines duct and genitalia development

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10
Q

What two factors determine F development? (general)

A

absence of SRY

also genes that positively drive F development

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11
Q

SRY Gene:

  • which chromosome?
  • active during what days?
  • expressed in what cells?
  • AKA?
  • function?
A 
Y Chrm
41052 days
somatic support cells (pre-Sertoli)
TDF: testis determining factor
upregulates testis-specific genes
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12
Q

How do seminiferous tubules organize?

A

Sertolis surround primordial germ cells

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13
Q

What do Leydig cells differentiate from?

A

subset of intertubular cells

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14
Q

What do Sertoli cells contribute to male diff?

A

Anti-Mullerian Hormone: regression of paramesonephric ducts

androgen binding factor: spermatogonia –> spermatozoa

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15
Q

What are the contributions to male diff made by fetal Leydig cells?

A

-testosterone; weeks 8-12; driven by hCG of placenta
mesonephric duct –> ductus deferense, epididymis, seminal vesicle

5 alpha-reductase (T –> DHT):
genital tubercle –> penis
genital swellings –> scrotum
urethral epithelium –> prostate

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16
Q

What are the contributions that adult Leydig cells make to male diff?

A

drives androgens –>
initiation of spermatogenesis
“masculinization” of brain
male sex behavior

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17
Q

What does the seminal vesicle bud from?

A

mesonephric duct (intermediate meso of UG ridge)

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18
Q

What does the prostate gland bud from?

A

endoderm of UG sinus in region of pelvic urethra

week 10

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19
Q

Where do the bulbourethral glands come from?

A

endodermal buds

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20
Q

How does the UG plate form?

A

remnants of the cloacal membrane opens phallic portion of UG sinus to exterior
plate lined w/ endoderm

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21
Q

How does the glans plate form?

A

from remnants of the cloacal mem at the ventral end of the UG plate and the adjacent genital tubercle

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22
Q

What is the genital tubercle?

A

extodermal-covered mesodermal swelling at ventral and cranial end of the phallic portion of the UG plate

23
Q

Epispadias are associated with what other condition?

A

Exstrophy of the bladder

24
Q

What factor is SUPPRESSED to allow female gonadal diff?

A

SOX-9

25
Q

How is Sox-9 initially suppressed?

A

No SRY, allowing Wnt-4 to suppress Sox-9 expression

26
Q

After Wnt-4, what suppressed SOX-9?

A

FOXL2 continualy suppresses SOX-9, maintaining female gonad

27
Q

in F, primordial germ cells differentiate into what?

and those proliferate, then differentiate into what?

A

oogonia; oocytes

28
Q

Oocytes surround what?

A

follicle cells

29
Q

Since F do not have Sertoli’s, what hormone is ABSENT, and what structure is RETAINED?

A

Anti-Mullerian Hormone

paramesonephric ducts aka Mullerian ducts

30
Q

What do Mullerian (parameso) ducts differentiate into? (3)

A

Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Upper vagina?

31
Q

When and how does the uterus form?

A

When: wk 9-10
how: fusion of inferior Mullerian (parameso) ducts

32
Q

What are oviducts made from?

A

unfused superior portion of the Mullerian (parameso) ducts

33
Q

Term for double uterus?

A

didelphys

34
Q

What is the upper vagina derived from?

A

mesoderm

35
Q

What is the lower vagina derived from?

A

endoderm

36
Q

What two factors can lead to vaginal agenesis?

A

either failure of normal vaginal plate development OR failed canalization

37
Q

What 3 structures make up the phallic segment of the urogenital sinus?

A

UG plate
glans plate
genital tubercle

38
Q

What embryo structure –> roung lig of ovary? Connects what to what?

A

superior gubernaculum

ovary to uterus

39
Q

What embryo structure –> roung lig of uterus? Connects what to what?

A

inferior gubernaculum

uterus to labia majora

40
Q

Rudimentary stromal cells –> M and F?

A

M: Leydig
F: thecal cells

41
Q

Rudimentary gubernaculum –> M and F?

A

M: gubernaculum testis
F: Round ligs X 2

42
Q

Rudimentary parameso ducts –> M and F?

A

M: mostly gone, but leaves behind appendix of testis and prostatic utricle

F: fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

43
Q

Rudimentary UG sinus –> M and F?

A

M: prostatic + membranous urethra; prostate gland; bulbourethral glands

F: membranous urethra, urethral/paraurethral glands, greater vestibular glands

44
Q

Rudimentary genital tubercle –> M and F?

A

M: glans penis, corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum

F: glans clitoris, corpora cavernosa, bulbospongiosum of vestibule

45
Q

Rudimentary UG folds + UG and glands plates –> M and F?

A

M: penile urethra/ventral part of penis

F: labia minora

46
Q

Rudimentary labioscrotal folds –> M and F?

A

M: scrotum

F: labia majora

47
Q

What is pseudohermaphroditism (aka disorders of sex development, DSD)?

A

genotypic sex is masked by pheno appearance resembling opposite sex, or having repro organs of the opposite sex

48
Q

What is the phenotype of a 46 XY DSD?

What are 4 causes of this?

A

female

  1. inadequate T synthesis
  2. androgen insensitivity syndrome
  3. 5 alpha reductase deficiency
  4. mutations in AMH or AMH receptor
49
Q

Describe Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

A

46 XY DSD, so female phenotype
common cause: loss of functional androgen receptors
X linked recessive
have testis, but no spermatogenesis, w/ poss high T levels
testes found in inguinal or labial regions
@ puberty, T –> estradiol –> female sex traits + amenorrhea
AMH+, so parameso system is suppressed
no uterus or tubes
vagina is short + blind ended
risk of tumors and malignancies

50
Q

Describe 5 alpha reductase deficiency

A 
46 XY genotype
autosomal recessive
normal testis and duct system
underdeveloped male external genitalia
depending on level of deficiency, CAN have F external pheno
51
Q

Female DSDs = 46 XX

  • what gonad do they have
  • what happens in fetal life to lead to symptoms?
A

ovaries

fetus produces excess androgens –> masculinization of female external genitalia

*fusion of labia gives appearance of scrotum

52
Q

What is the most common cause of female sexual ambiguity?

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

specifically 21 hydroxylase

53
Q

Describe Ovotesticular Disorders (True Intersexuality)

A
  • have both testicular and ovarian tissue
  • ambig genitalia or predom female
  • uterus +

**true sex = what they can best adapt to in society

54
Q

3 causes of ovotesticular disorders?

A
  • translocation of Y onto X (Barr body causes mosaicism)
  • subset of cells w/ mut in Y
  • anomaly in sex det and diff of primordial germ cells

Nothing's More Cuterus than your Uterus (7 decks)

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