Development of Self and Peer Relationships Flashcards
What is the implicit self
Sense that one has a body that can experience and act on the world and that this body separate from the world
What proves that the implicit self is present from birth
the rooting reflex
When does rudimentary self-concept emerge?
Around 18months, as evidenced by children passing the rouge test
what is usually the first characteristic present children’s self-concept
gender
around what age do children start forming basic gender identity, meaning start identifying as boy or girl and can label others as boys or girls
2.5-3 years old
gender socialization
children learn about social expectations associated with girls and boys, internalize the messages received about gender
example that gender socialization starts early
parents of day-old infants describe newborn girls as softer, less strong, more delicate, and quieter than newborn boys.
Study was done where took the same baby and said it was girl to some, boy to others. differential treatment
Gender socialization: Results of study where parents estimated steepest slope their infants could safely crawl down without falling
Parents of girls tended to underestimate their infants crawling ability but parents of boys more accurately estimated their ability.
In the study of the steepest slope infants can crawl down: When tested on actual kids, no difference between slopes boys and girls could safely crawl down.
What does this show?
Gender differences in motor skills only exist in parent’s perception
self-socialization
once a child identifies with a gender, they actively seek out gender-related information and conform their behavior to this info
what describes 3-5 years old, in terms of self-socialization
rigid, gender-stereotyped behaviours
what causes 3-5 years old to be so rigid in their gender-appropriate behaviours
lack of gender constancy - meaning understanding that gender remains the same regardless of superficial changes to appearance of behaviour
what characterized 6 years old, in terms of self-socialization
rigid, gendered behavior relaxes because gender constancy is achieved.
but , as they get older, they also get more complex ideas and expectations about gender, so they incorporate these into self-concept and adjust their behaviour
True or false: As children increase their gender flexibility with age, they accept peers who do not behave in typically gendered ways
False. They tend to reject peers who do not have in typically gendered ways
What do studies with transgender children show, in terms of identity formation?
Suggests that there is something internal about gender identity, not just a result of socialization (strong role of self-socialization)
What concept does this sentence refer to: “you don’t understand me!” and in which stage of adolescence is it most common
Egocentrism - early-mid adolescence
What is the primary psychosocial task of adolscence/early adulthood
Forming an identity
Identity is formed through a process of (2 things)
Exploration (questioning and experimenting) + commitment (consolidation and acceptance of who one is)
According to Marcia’s identity statuses, what are the 4 different statuses that one can be in?
No explo. + No commit. = identity difusion
No explo. + Commit. = Foreclosure
Explo. + No commit. = Moratorium
Explo. + Commit. = Identity achievement
In which stages of Marcia’s identity statuses are most teens in?
Moratorium and foreclosure
What are the 3 different types of non-social play, and at what ages are they most common?
- Unoccupied play: watches things around but nothing holds attention (birth-3months)
- Solitary play: child is focused on their own activity, uninterested in playing with others (3 months - 2 years old)
- Onlooker play: child watches other children’s play (begins around 2 years old)
What are the 3 different types of social play, and at what ages are they most common?
- Parallel play: children play next to each other, possibly doing the same activity, but do not interact much (2-3 years olds)
- Associative play: children play together, engaging sometimes, but having different goals (3-4 years olds)
- Cooperative play: children play together and are working towards a common goal (4+ years old)
Why is play critical for learning?
-social-emotional development (learn to cooperate, develop theory of mind)
-cognitive development (practice problem-solving, trial and error, develop language skills)
-motor development
true or false: UN recognizes child’ right to engage in play and recreational activities appropriate tot he age of the child
YES. play is critical for learning
What does the study of grown-ups interfering with play show
-letting children play spontaneously allows them to learn
-adults can best support plau (and learning) by following children’S lead so that a child can build knowledge themselves
What are the 2 most important factors in children’s friendships?
Similarity and Proximity
Around what age does the preference to be friends with kids of the same gender emerge?
Around 3 years old
Around what age does time with different gender friends increase, especially for girls?
Around 13 years old
around what age kids develop a concept of friendship
3-5 years old
friendship defined as playing togethe
how do children 9-12 years old define friendship?
expands to include trust, care and help
how do adolescents define friendship?
self-disclosure and intimacy
true or false: girls and boys show different levels of conflict and stability in friendship
false. they show similar levels of conflict and stability.
what they want out of their friendships is what varies more. girls want more closeness and dependency
what are the 5 status groups of the sociometric status
popular (11%), rejected (13%), average (60%), neglected (9%), controversial (7%)
two types of rejected kids
-rejected-aggressive (cycle of aggression - rejection). most react like that.
-rejected-withdrawn (cycle of withdrawal - rejection)
what social groups are more likely to change status in the short-term
neglected or controversial are likely to change status in the short-term
what social groups are the most stable in the long term?
average and rejected status most stable
true or false: the effect of social skills and friendship experiences on adult attachment is similar to (if not larger) to effect of caregiving experiences
TRUE
what is deviancy training
negative peer pressure wherein peers model and reinforce aggression and deviance by making these behaviours seem acceptable
How can parents shape their children’s peer relationships in a positive way
1) monitoring. deciding whom children interact with, how much time
2) emotion coaching: parents teach kids how to effectively manage emotions to interact with peers and handle conflict
the more age-appropriate monitoring + emotion coaching = the more kids are socially competent and liked by peers
