Development of Self and Peer Relationships

Question 1

What is the implicit self

Answer 1

Sense that one has a body that can experience and act on the world and that this body separate from the world

Question 2

What proves that the implicit self is present from birth

Answer 2

the rooting reflex

Question 3

When does rudimentary self-concept emerge?

Answer 3

Around 18months, as evidenced by children passing the rouge test

Question 4

what is usually the first characteristic present children’s self-concept

Answer 4

gender

Question 5

around what age do children start forming basic gender identity, meaning start identifying as boy or girl and can label others as boys or girls

Answer 5

2.5-3 years old

Question 6

gender socialization

Answer 6

children learn about social expectations associated with girls and boys, internalize the messages received about gender

Question 7

example that gender socialization starts early

Answer 7

parents of day-old infants describe newborn girls as softer, less strong, more delicate, and quieter than newborn boys.

Study was done where took the same baby and said it was girl to some, boy to others. differential treatment

Question 8

Gender socialization: Results of study where parents estimated steepest slope their infants could safely crawl down without falling

Answer 8

Parents of girls tended to underestimate their infants crawling ability but parents of boys more accurately estimated their ability.

Question 9

In the study of the steepest slope infants can crawl down: When tested on actual kids, no difference between slopes boys and girls could safely crawl down.

What does this show?

Answer 9

Gender differences in motor skills only exist in parent’s perception

Question 10

self-socialization

Answer 10

once a child identifies with a gender, they actively seek out gender-related information and conform their behavior to this info

Question 11

what describes 3-5 years old, in terms of self-socialization

Answer 11

rigid, gender-stereotyped behaviours

Question 12

what causes 3-5 years old to be so rigid in their gender-appropriate behaviours

Answer 12

lack of gender constancy - meaning understanding that gender remains the same regardless of superficial changes to appearance of behaviour

Question 13

what characterized 6 years old, in terms of self-socialization

Answer 13

rigid, gendered behavior relaxes because gender constancy is achieved.

but , as they get older, they also get more complex ideas and expectations about gender, so they incorporate these into self-concept and adjust their behaviour

Question 14

True or false: As children increase their gender flexibility with age, they accept peers who do not behave in typically gendered ways

Answer 14

False. They tend to reject peers who do not have in typically gendered ways

Question 15

What do studies with transgender children show, in terms of identity formation?

Answer 15

Suggests that there is something internal about gender identity, not just a result of socialization (strong role of self-socialization)

Question 16

What concept does this sentence refer to: “you don’t understand me!” and in which stage of adolescence is it most common

Answer 16

Egocentrism - early-mid adolescence

Question 17

What is the primary psychosocial task of adolscence/early adulthood

Answer 17

Forming an identity

Question 18

Identity is formed through a process of (2 things)

Answer 18

Exploration (questioning and experimenting) + commitment (consolidation and acceptance of who one is)

Question 19

According to Marcia’s identity statuses, what are the 4 different statuses that one can be in?

Answer 19

No explo. + No commit. = identity difusion
No explo. + Commit. = Foreclosure
Explo. + No commit. = Moratorium
Explo. + Commit. = Identity achievement

Question 20

In which stages of Marcia’s identity statuses are most teens in?

Answer 20

Moratorium and foreclosure

Question 21

What are the 3 different types of non-social play, and at what ages are they most common?

Answer 21

1. Unoccupied play: watches things around but nothing holds attention (birth-3months)
2. Solitary play: child is focused on their own activity, uninterested in playing with others (3 months - 2 years old)
3. Onlooker play: child watches other children’s play (begins around 2 years old)

Question 22

What are the 3 different types of social play, and at what ages are they most common?

Answer 22

1. Parallel play: children play next to each other, possibly doing the same activity, but do not interact much (2-3 years olds)
2. Associative play: children play together, engaging sometimes, but having different goals (3-4 years olds)
3. Cooperative play: children play together and are working towards a common goal (4+ years old)

Question 23

Why is play critical for learning?

Answer 23

-social-emotional development (learn to cooperate, develop theory of mind)
-cognitive development (practice problem-solving, trial and error, develop language skills)
-motor development

Question 24

true or false: UN recognizes child’ right to engage in play and recreational activities appropriate tot he age of the child

Answer 24

YES. play is critical for learning

Question 25

What does the study of grown-ups interfering with play show

Answer 25

-letting children play spontaneously allows them to learn
-adults can best support plau (and learning) by following children’S lead so that a child can build knowledge themselves

Question 26

What are the 2 most important factors in children’s friendships?

Answer 26

Similarity and Proximity

Question 27

Around what age does the preference to be friends with kids of the same gender emerge?

Answer 27

Around 3 years old

Question 28

Around what age does time with different gender friends increase, especially for girls?

Answer 28

Around 13 years old

Question 29

around what age kids develop a concept of friendship

Answer 29

3-5 years old
friendship defined as playing togethe

Question 30

how do children 9-12 years old define friendship?

Answer 30

expands to include trust, care and help

Question 31

how do adolescents define friendship?

Answer 31

self-disclosure and intimacy

Question 32

true or false: girls and boys show different levels of conflict and stability in friendship

Answer 32

false. they show similar levels of conflict and stability.

what they want out of their friendships is what varies more. girls want more closeness and dependency

Question 33

what are the 5 status groups of the sociometric status

Answer 33

popular (11%), rejected (13%), average (60%), neglected (9%), controversial (7%)

Question 34

two types of rejected kids

Answer 34

-rejected-aggressive (cycle of aggression - rejection). most react like that.
-rejected-withdrawn (cycle of withdrawal - rejection)

Question 35

what social groups are more likely to change status in the short-term

Answer 35

neglected or controversial are likely to change status in the short-term

Question 36

what social groups are the most stable in the long term?

Answer 36

average and rejected status most stable

Question 37

true or false: the effect of social skills and friendship experiences on adult attachment is similar to (if not larger) to effect of caregiving experiences

Answer 37

TRUE

Question 38

what is deviancy training

Answer 38

negative peer pressure wherein peers model and reinforce aggression and deviance by making these behaviours seem acceptable

Question 39

How can parents shape their children’s peer relationships in a positive way

Answer 39

1) monitoring. deciding whom children interact with, how much time
2) emotion coaching: parents teach kids how to effectively manage emotions to interact with peers and handle conflict

the more age-appropriate monitoring + emotion coaching = the more kids are socially competent and liked by peers