development of prosocial and antisocial behaviour

Question 1

define prosocial behaviour (CITE)

Answer 1

intentional, voluntary behaviour intended to benefit another (Eisenberg)

Question 2

outline hoffman’s theory of empathy (year)

Answer 2

1st year of life: global empathy, no understanding of others’ feelings, just reflexes
2nd year of life: egocentric empathy. Capable of understanding that another person is distresses but attempts to help are often egocentric
early childhood: role taking skills develop and can respond less egocentrically

Question 3

Global empathy example (CITE)

Answer 3

Dondi et al (1999) 2 day olds distressed at sounds of another infant’s cry

Question 4

empathy and prosocial behaviour (CITE)

Answer 4

empathy plays an important role in the development of prosocial behaviour (eisenberg et al, 1983)

Question 5

methods of measuring prosocial behaviour

Answer 5

reinforcement
induction
modeling behaviour

Question 6

reinforcement (measuring prosocial behaviour)

Answer 6

Grusec (1991) rewards did not increase prosocial behaviour in 4 year olds

Question 7

induction (measuring prosocial behaviour)

Answer 7

increased levels of empathy in 12-14 year olds (Krevans & Gibbs. 1996)

Question 8

modeling behaviour

Answer 8

3 and 4 year olds were assigned to a caregiver who modelled altruistic behaviour and it was found that children can learn to be altruistic (Yarrow et al, 1973)

Question 9

criticisms of studies of childrens development of prosocial behaviour

Answer 9

artificial and unfamiliar experiences, may involve deception.
measuring conformity rather than prosocial helpfulness

Question 10

factors influencing prosocial behaviour

Answer 10

parental techniques
siblings
gender differences
cross-cultural differences
prosocial media

Question 11

parental techniques (CITE)

Answer 11

Krevans & Gibbs (1996)
parents use of inductive discipline instead of power assertive was related to prosocial behaviour. children were more empathetic and therefore more prosocial

Question 12

gender (CITE)

Answer 12

The results revealed marked gender differences in the development of prosocial behavior. For boys, levels of prosocial behavior were stable until age 14, followed by an increase until age 17, and a slight decrease thereafter. For girls, prosocial behavior increased until age 16 years and then slightly decreased. (Van der Graaf et al, 2017)

Question 13

cross cultural differences

Answer 13

Children from Mexico, and the Philippines generally acted more prosocially than those from Japan, India, and the USA. The most prosocial children were from the most traditional society, Kenya. The most egoistic children came from the most complex modern society, the USA. Whiting and Whiting, 1975

Question 14

prosocial media (CITE)

Answer 14

Results from 72 studies involving 243 effect sizes revealed that exposure to prosocial media was related to higher levels of prosocial behavior and empathic concern and lower levels of aggressive behavior. (COYNE ET AL, 2018)

Question 15

forms of aggression

Answer 15

instrumental, hostile, indirect

Question 16

theories of aggression

Answer 16

freuds instinct theory (1930)
lorenz’s ethological theory (1966)
frustration-aggression hypothesis (Dollard et al, 1939)
Bandura’s social learning theory (1973)

Question 17

Social learning theory

Answer 17

Bandura, 1973
Bobo doll study (Bandura & Ross, 1961)
observing aggressive behaviour could legitimise it whether positively or negatively reinforced

Question 18

freud’s instinct theory

Answer 18

1930
aggression stems mainly from a powerful death wish possessed by all people

Question 19

lorenz’s ethological theory

Answer 19

1966
aggression is ritualistic and comes frmo inherited fighting instinct

Question 20

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 20

dollard et al 1939
aggression is the result of blocking or frustrating a person’s efforts to attain a goal

Question 21

factors that influence aggression

Answer 21

frustration
attribution bias
attention seeking
rejection
parental practice
gender

Question 22

attribution bias (CITE)

Answer 22

hostile attribution bias (Dodge & Price, 1990)
these biases were positively correlated with undersocialised aggressive conduct disorder (as indicated by high scores on standardised scales and by psychiatric diagnoses), with reactive-aggressive behaviour, and with the number of interpersonally violent crimes committed

Question 23

rejection (CITE)

Answer 23

(Yue, 2023)
Peer rejection was positively correlated with overall aggression

Question 24

parental practice (CITE)

Answer 24

(Kawabata et al, 2011) Positive parenting, psychologically controlling parenting, negative/harsh parenting, and uninvolved parenting. The meta-analyses demonstrated that more positive parenting was associated with less relational aggression