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Medical Genetics and Clinical Embryology > Development of NS > Flashcards

Development of NS Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

When does the neural plate occur?

A

Third week, day 18

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2
Q

When does the neural tube appear?

A

Fourth week, day 20-27

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3
Q

Anterior neuropore closes around…

A

Day 24

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4
Q

Posterior neuropore closes around —

A

Day 26

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5
Q

Primary neurulation

A

CNS development to day 26: neural plate, neural tube, closure of anterior and posterior neural pore

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6
Q

What is secondary neurulation?

A

Formation of sacral and coccygeal parts of spinal cord from caudal eminence

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7
Q

How is secondary neurulation different from primary neurulation?

A

Secondary doesn’t form a neural plate, but forms the neural tube directly.

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8
Q

What are the 3 layers of the neural tube?

A

Outermost: Marginal zone
Intermediate: Mantle or intermediate zone
Innermost: Ventricular zone

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9
Q

What are the neuroblasts?

A

1st wave of proliferation of neurons, climb radial glia processes to its proper layer in the neural tube.

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10
Q

What is the 2nd wave of proliferation?

A

Glioblast in intermediate and marginal zones
Remaining neuroepithelial cells turn automatically into ependymal cells.

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11
Q

The intermediate or mantle layer of the neural tube can be divided into dorsal and ventral parts called the __

A

Alar plate = dorsal
Basal plate = ventral

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12
Q

What divides the alar and basal plates?

A

Sulcus limitans

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13
Q

The brain develops from __

A

The cephalic end of the neural tube

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14
Q

When does the primary brain vesicles appear?

A

The 4th week

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15
Q

When does the 5 secondary brain vesicles appear?

A

6th to 7th week

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16
Q

The pituitary gland develops from which parts?

A
  1. The anterior lobe and pars tuberalis develops from Rathke’s pouch from the oral cavity.
  2. The posterior lobe develops from the infundibulum of hypothalamus.

Remark: the remnant of Rathke’s pouch turns into pars intermedia

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17
Q

The lens placode is induced by

A

Optic vesicle pushes against the surface ectoderm, inducing the lens placode that will eventually form the adult eye lens.

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18
Q

The division of the neural tube into the alar and basal plates sets the stage for the development of the

A

peripheral nervous system

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19
Q

A neonate’s conus medullaris terminates around spinal cord level __

A

L3

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20
Q

An adult’s conus medullaris terminates around spinal cord level __

A

L1

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21
Q

Which spinal cord level does the dura mater end in neonates?

A

It fills the entire space, ends at the filum terminale.

22
Q

Where are stem cells of the olfactory bulb?

A

Subependymal layer in the rostral lateral ventricle, becomes cells of olfactory bulb.

23
Q

Where do we find stem cells for memory?

A

Dentate gyrus of hippocampus, becomes granule cells.

24
Q

When in a human’s life do we have the most neurons?

A

Prenatal period

25
Q

When does the first myelination occur?

A

Late prenatal and postnatal development, occurs when the fiber starts to function —> the more we use them, the more myelinated they are.

26
Q

Corticospinal fibers complete myelination at…

A

Year 2 postnatal

27
Q

Cortical association fibers complete their myelination at __

A

30 years old

28
Q

When does the 1st meninx develop into the pachymeninx and leptomeninx?

A

6th week

29
Q

Mesenchymal sheath

A

Primary meninx, encloses the hindbrain, midbrian, and forebrain at the 5th week of fetal development.

30
Q

Which part of the neural plate develops into the neural crest cells?

A

Neural folds

31
Q

Sensory ganglia of cranial nervers origin is …

A

Neural crest cells

32
Q

Spinal ganglia cells of origin are …

A

Neural crest cells

33
Q

Autonomic ganglia cells of origin are …

A

Neural crest cells

34
Q

Schwann cell of origin is…

A

Neural crest cells

35
Q

Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla cells of origin are …

A

Neural crest cells

36
Q

Molecular signaling that determines dorsal ventral alignment?

A

Dorsal is induced by outer ectoderm using TGF-beta and BMP.

Ventral is induced by notochord using SHH.

37
Q

What molecular signaling is involved in craniocaudal alignment?

A

Caudal: Rhombomere and HOX (homeobox), there is also a role for retinoic acid
Cranial: Wnt, FGF8

38
Q

A 26-year-old woman walks into the clinic. She says she’s been recently married, and that she’s missed her first period. After asking for her history, she tells you that she has bipolar disorder and she’s been taking medicine. She asks if there’s anything she should be vigilant of.

A

Valproic acid, an anticonvulsant medicine for epileptic patients and bipolar disorder, is a teratogen and can cause NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS in children. Other medications that cause NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS in children include vitamin A (for pimples).

39
Q

Cranium bifidum is a defect in the skin and skull in the … area.

A

Western: occipital area, SEA: frontoethmoidal area

40
Q

โรคงวงช้าง

A

Frontoethmoidalmeningocele

41
Q

Spina bifida with meningomyelocele associated abnormalities

A
  1. Arnold-Chiari malformation type II, hydrocephalus
  2. Tethered spinal cord: attachment of conus with fat tissue -> failed ascending & stretching of cord -> neurological, spine, urological abnormalities
42
Q

Prenatal diagnosis of NTDs

A

Increased alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in amniotic fluid & maternal serum for open NTD

43
Q

Cause of congenital hydrocephalus

A

Aqueductal stenosis =
obstruction of cerebral aqueduct in midbrain infections by CMV, toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis)

Remark: cat owners should be aware of this before pregnancy.

44
Q

What is (Arnold-)Chiari malformation type 2

A
  • parts of cerebellum & medulla herniate to spinal canal through foramen magnum -> obstruct CSF exits from 4th ventricle -> obstructive hydrocephalus
  • ass. with spina bifida with meningomyelocele
45
Q

What is Chiari malformation type 1

A
  • descent of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum causing compression of medulla and upper cervical cord
  • often ass. with syringomyelia -> -> scoliosis
  • other associated diseases e.g. craniosynostosis, connective tissue/bone/hormonal disorders
    Remark: type 1 ลงมาอันเดียว type 2 ลงมาสองอัน
46
Q

Microcephaly

A
  • small brain & cranium, low IQ
  • ↓ neurogenesis/↑ apoptosis
  • genetic/environment causes e.g. radiation, perinatal infections
47
Q

Hydranencephaly

A
  • large cyst compressing cerebrum
  • ICA obstruction -> brain ischemia & degeneration, leaving only a large cyst
48
Q

Gray matter heterotopia

A
  • ectopic location of gray matter e.g. periventricular due to abn. migration
  • can cause epilepsy
49
Q

Holoprosencephaly causes

A

causes: maternal drinking, retinoic acid, trisomy 13 & 18,
mutation of SHH gene?

Multifactorial

50
Q

Craniopharyngioma cause

A

Rathke’s pouch remnant

51
Q

Hirschsprung’s disease cause

A
  • failure of neural crest migration to the distal colon
  • absence of enteric parasympathetic ganglia
  • functional obstruction -> severe constipation, enlarged colon above the site

Medical Genetics and Clinical Embryology (3 decks)

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