Development of language

Question 1

Protoconversations

Answer 1

interaction between adult and baby using that includes words sounds and gestures that attempts to convey meaning before the onset of language

Question 2

Why do babies respond to infant directed speech?

Answer 2

slower pace and exaggerated voice changes provide infant with more noticeable language cues, helps infants perceive sounds that are fundamental to language

Question 3

infant phonology perception

Answer 3

phonemes are basic building blocks of speech sounds, infants can distinguish many of these sounds as early as 1 month after birth. Infants are prepared for language, partly because of brain readiness and also because of auditory experience in uterus

Question 4

Prelinguistic development

Answer 4

1. Reflexive vocalization (ex crying, coughing)
2. Cooing, laughing
3. Vocal play (testing vocal organs, range of loudness and pitch)
4. Reduplicated babbling (sounds like words but not meaningful)
5. Variagated babbling (vary consonants ex. ba ga pa)
6. Jargon (sounds like speaking own language)

Question 5

Holophrastic stage of development

Answer 5

one word stage

Question 6

Telegraphic stage

Answer 6

sentences containing just enough info to make sense, usually 2 to 4 words. During this stage (starting at around 18-24 months) language explosion happens. Once infant reaches 50 words vocab begins to build rapidly 50-100+ words per month

Question 7

First word period

Answer 7

happens around 1st birthday, phonological and semantic ability closely related, first words types include substantive (name objects), social words, relational words (bye bye, no mine)

Question 8

Gesture use

Answer 8

Begin using gestures shortly before 1st birthday, gestures convey message just as well as words and often pave way for oral language

Question 9

Hart and Risley study

Answer 9

children living in professional families had more words spoken than welfare kids

Question 10

Fast mapping

Answer 10

process of rapidly learning new words simply from contrastive use of familiar and unfamiliar word

Question 11

overextension

Answer 11

use given word in broader context than appropriate (ex. Ball for ballooon, egg, apple, marble)

Question 12

underextension

Answer 12

using a word too narrowly (using “cat” for only the family cat)

Question 13

relationship with literacy and word learning

Answer 13

kids with stronger vocab have easier time reading

Question 14

expressive syntax begins

Answer 14

17 months

Question 15

free morpheme

Answer 15

word that can stand alone (ex Book)

Question 16

bound morpheme

Answer 16

word element such as prefix or suffix that cannor stnad alone

Question 17

MLU formula

Answer 17

MLU= morpheme count/# utterances

MLU - predicted avg MLU/predicted sd = how much sd about or below the mean

Question 18

3 general areas that pragmatics involves

Answer 18

1. Using language for specific purpose
2. Changing language
3. following rules

Question 19

five areas of pragmatics

Answer 19

1. development of intentionality/speech acts
2. conversational skills in social interaction
3. reference and presupposition
4. extended discourse genres (ex. narrative, exposition)
5. styles or registers of speaking

Question 20

Perlocutionary

Answer 20

caregiver assigns intentions to infant

Question 21

illocutionary

Answer 21

infant begins to initiate intentionally

Question 22

locutionary

Answer 22

child begins to use first true words

Question 23

important conversational skills in pragmatic development

Answer 23

turn taking, topic, elaboration

Question 24

anaphoric reference

Answer 24

the role pronouns play in referring back to words used prior to them