Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Quiz #5 306 > Development of GI > Flashcards

Development of GI Flashcards

1
Q

the 7th week, we see urorectal septum fusing with the clocal; then its divided into dorsal anal membranes and a larger ventral genital membrane

Fusion of the urorectal septum with the cloacal membrane becomes the perineum

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Abnormalities of the Hindgut

A

Congenital Megacolon

1-neural crest cells do not migrate into the wall of the colon during the 5-7th weeks gestational age

2-results in a decrease in parasympathetic ganglion cells

3-decreases peristalsis in the aganglionic segement

4-we see an elargement in the proximal part of the colon

5-results in a lack of migration of neural crest cells into colon 5-7th week

1/5,000

**Most common cause of neonatal obstruction of the colon**

accounts for 33% of neonatal obstruction

  • males more affected than females with a 4:1 ratio
  • most cases, rectum and sigmoid colon are involved
  • obstruction is primarily due to lack of peristalsis in that part of the colon without ganglion cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In the liver as it develops: initially the right and left lobe are of equal size, but then the right lobe becomes larger as hematopoisis begins during the 6th week of embryological development

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What disorder presents with complete or partial bowel obstruction?

A

Annular Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What week does failure of the anal membrane to rupture result in an imperforate anus?

A

8th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where is the duodenum developed from?

A

caudal part of the foregut and the cranial part of the midgut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pancreas

A

with rotation , the pancreatic buds fuse;

happens as a result of rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Patent Urachus, urachal sinus or urachal diverticulum

Hindgut abnormalities

A
  • Allantois runs along the umbilicus
  • Allantois gives rise to the urachus
  • Urachus is a canal that drains the bladder nd runs within the umbilical cord to the urinary bladder in the fetus
  • as the fetus develops, the canal (or tube), becomes obliterated; HOWEVER, in this situationm the tube does not become obliterated sp we have a patent urachus, urachal sinus, urachal diverticulum or cyst
  • incomplete obliteration of allantois may involve the umbilicus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Abnormalities if the Hindgut

VOLVULUS

A
  • an obstruction resulting from faulty midgut rotation
  • will result in/causes:

pain

bilious vomiting

GI bleeding

Failure to thrive

**This is a surgical emergency** so tht no further degeneration of the bowl will occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

HINDGUT ABNORMALITIES

A

Congenital Megacolon

Imperforate Anus

Patent Urachus (sinus, diverticulum, cyst)

Volvulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

developmental abnormlities of the stomach

PYLORIC STeNOSIS

A
  • most common
  • more common in males

1 in 150 males; 1 in 750 females

  • results from a muscular thickening of the pylorus
  • muscles become hypertrophied which causes the obstruction

SIGNS: Projectile Vomiting

onstruction of the passage of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

when does the exophagus reach its final length?

A

7th week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Development of the Esophagus

A

1-develops from the foregut

2-located behind the pharynx

3-division of the trachea from the esophagus occurs by the esophageal septum

4- Initially the esophagus is short, but it reaches it’s final length by the 7th week

5-musculature comes from connective tissue from the pharyngeal arches

6-1st solid tube that opens by the end of the embryonic period

7-covered with smooth muscle

8-invervated by branches of the vagus nerve which is supplied by the pharyngeal arches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Anomalies of the Midgut

A

Omphalocele

Gasorschesis

umbilical hernia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

when does esophageal atresia occur?

A

8th week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does the lesser curvature grow?

A

RIGHT & CRANIALLY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Can see along with Down’s Syndrome/intestinal malrotation and/or cardiac defects:

A

ANnular Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Causes of hepatic abnormalities

EXTRAHEPATIC BILIARY ATRESIA

A
  • failure of the system itself to develop
  • infection in pregnancy
  • immunolog reaction late in fetal development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Development of the Spleen

A
  • develops from the mesentary that’s attatched to the stomach
  • the spleen is a vascular lymphatic organ
  • rotation of stomach moves the spleen to the left side of the abdominal cavity
  • spllen begins to develop as lobes in the fetus
  • primitive connective tissue involved with these lobes; lobes disappear before birth
  • it’s the connective tissue that provides tissue framework for the spleen to actually develop
  • begins to develop during the 5th week but does not gain recognition until early in the fetal period
  • spleen functions as a hematopoetic organ until later in fetal life
  • Interesting that the spleen does retain its potential for developing RBC’s even into adult life
  • good back-up organ in terms of RBC production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

development of large and small intestine

A

at the 10th week, the intestines/intestinal loop retracts back into the abdominal cavity where it rotates an additional 180 degrees counterclockwise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

can cause obstruction of duodenum

A

Annular Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

GASTROSCHESIS

A
  • results from the incomplete closure of the lateral folds of the abdomen during the 4th week
  • abdominal contents protrude to the right of the umbilical cord -
  • area is weakened by regression of the right umbilical vein
  • intestines are not covered by a membrane

1/10,000 births

occurs more in males

typically not associated ith any other genetic/chromosomal anomalies

result of a weakened area where the right umbilical vein regresses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the pancreas starts out as 2 buds and with the rotation of the stomach, they (buds) come together and actually form the pancreas

A

pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Omphalocele

(ventral wall defect)

A

presistence of herniated contents into the proximal part of the umbilical cord

  • 1/5000 births
  • abdominal cavity is small in these babies
  • omphalocele is covered by a membrane or sac in the epithelium f the ubiical cord which comes from the amnion
  • occurs because the the contents don’t go back into the abdominal cavity
  • a=but also caused by impaired growth of muscle and skin of abdomoinal wall that contributes to it as well
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Omphalocele

A

1/5000 small omphalocele that doesn’t include the liver

1/10000 babies will include the liver (typically a much larger defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The gut tube is fully formed at the end of what week?

A

6th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Inferior part of the endoderm gives rise to

A

1-foregut

2-midgut

3-hindgut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Abnormalities of the Hindgut

Congenital Megacolon

A

Congenital Megacolon

Hirschsprung’s Disease

Aganglionic Mega Colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Development of the DUODENUM

A
  • Duodenum is developed from the caudal part of the foregut and cranial part of the midgut
  • located distal to the common bile duct
  • becomes reduced during the 5th and 6th week as the cells proliferate
  • see it reopening during the 8th week of gestational age
  • if it does not reopen, it can result in duodenal stenosis or duodenal atresia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Development of Liver and Gallbladder

development from the foregut

A
  • Liver & Gallbladder develop from foregut early in the 4th week
  • 2- liver bud enlarges and divides into 2 parts

a- cranial part-liver

b-caudal part-gallbladder

3- bile ducts (4th week) -small part of the liver bud will become the commn bile duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mortality rate in omphalocele is 25%

associated with other anomalies

A

Other anomolies associated with omphalocele include

1-neural tube defects

2-cardiac defects

3-trisomy 18

4-urogenital problems

When you have an omphalocele—look for other abnormalities

24
Q

Extrahepatic Bilary Atresia

Hepatic abnormalities

A
  • Not common but serious
  • 1 in 5,000 to 20,000 live births
  • The most common form is total obliteration f the bile ducts

-

26
Q

development of large and small intestine

A

8-retracting midgut completes the rotation as cecum is positioned just inferior to the liver

9-cecum is displaced inferiorly pulling down the prominal hindgut to form ascending colon

10- descending colon is fixd ont he left side of posterior abdominal wall

11-jejunum, ileum, transverse and sigmoid colons remain suspended by the mesentary; so they aren’t attatched to the abdominal wall

12-appendix is formed as a sprout on the cecum

27
Q

extrahepatic biliary atresia

signs

A

jaundice soon after birth

**Clay colored stools**

(specific characteristics to biliary atresia)

-Urine is dark colored

29
Q

Abnomalities of the Hindgut

Imperforate Anus

A

Imperforate Anus

1/5,000

abnormal development of anorectal septum

causes: Failure of the anal membrane to rupture in the 8th week
- an anal pit persists, but does not communicate with the anal canal
- associated with incomplete seperation of cloaca into the urogenital and anorectal parts

30
Q

Hepatic Biliary atresia

A

will require surgery

prognosis is somewhat palliative

70% still have problems as they continue to develop

31
Q

what deformity occurs right of the umbilical cord?

A

Gastroschesis

32
Q

Howdoes the greater curvature move?

A

LEFT and CAUDALLY

34
Q

Folding of the Embryo

A

1-Occurs at the 3rd week.

2-Endoderm gives rise to the lining f the GI tract

3-Inferior part of the endoderm will give rise to

a-foregut

b-midgut

c-hindgut

4-the gut tube is fully formed at the end pf the 6th week

5-buccopharyngeal membrane becomes the mouth

6-cloacal membrane becomes the:

a-anus

b-urogenital system

7-septum transversum seperates the thoracic and abdminal cavities

35
Q

what structure seperates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

A

Septum Transversum

37
Q

Liver and gallbladder

A

Hepatic Abnormalities

Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia

38
Q

Development of Rectum & Urogenital Sinus

A

1-Cloaca becomes the anus

Cloaca is divided into 2 parts by the urorectal septum

a-anorectal canal

b-urogenital sinus

2-urogenital sinus will give rise to the bladder and pelvic urethra

3-the perineum is created by the fusion of the urorectal septum with the cloacal membrane

40
Q

Endoderm gives rise to the

A

Lining of the GI tract

41
Q

Midgut Abnormalities

A

Omphalocele

Umbilical Hernia

Gastroschesis

42
Q

Development of the liver

A

The quantity of oxygenated blood rom the umbiical vein into the liver determines the developmental and functional segmentation of the liver

43
Q

when does the the duodenum open to form the duodenum?

A

8th week

45
Q

Development of Hindgut

Deviations of the hindgut

A
  • Includes the left 1/3 ti 1/2 of transverse colon, descending and sigmoid colon, recum and anal canal
  • Epithelum of urinary bladder
  • most of the the urethra
46
Q

hingut includes what parts of the colon?

A

left 1/2 to 1/3 of transverse Colon

descending colon

sigmoid colon

epithelium of the urinary bladder

most of the urthera

47
Q

Abnormalities of the Esophagus

A

Esophageal Atresia

Association with TE FISTULA

Deviation of tracheoesophageal septum in the posterior direction

Imcomplete seperation of esophagus from endotracheal tube

  • isolated esophageal atresia without a fistula that may be associated with other congenital anomolies
  • other congenital anomolies may include

a-rectal atresia

b-abnormalities of urogenital system

  • in these cases, atreia will reult from the failure of the esp[hagus to re-open during the 8th week of development
  • a fetus with aeophageal atresia is unable to swallow amniotic fluid which results in polyhydramnious int he mother
48
Q

When does Gastroschesis occur?

A

During the 4th week

49
Q

Esophageal Stenosis

A

resuts from a narrowing of the lumen of the esophagus itself

-usually seen in the distal 1/3 o the esophagus

50
Q

Causes of Esophageal Stenosis

A

results from the incomplete re-opening (recanalization) of the esophagus during the 8th week

-a lack of blood vessels developing in the affected area contributes to the stenosis

(when you have a lack of blood vessels that develop n this area, it can result in atrophy in a segment of the esophageal wall, limiting its opening)

51
Q

Where does the esphagus develop from?

A

FOREGUT

53
Q

Development of the stomach

A

1-develops from the abdominal foregut in the 4th week

2-during the 6th week

a-the dorsal wall of the stomach grows faster than the ventral wall; the faster growing dorsal wall becomes the greater curvature of the stomach

b-the ventral wall is called the lesser curvature

c-the greature curvature includes the fundus and the indentation of the stomach or cardiac incisor

3-the stomach rotates 90 degrees clockwise (helps to get stomach in the right position)

a-greature curvature will moce LEFT and CAUDALLY

b-lesser curvature will move RIGHT and CRANIALLY

4-Rotation causes the duodenum to become “C” shaped and displaces it to the right when it becomes attatched to the dorsal body wall

5-development of the greater omentum

55
Q

Development of the Pancreas

A

1-develops from the foregut

2-develops as 2 buds

a-dorsal pancreatic bud

b-ventral pancreatic bud

3-pancreas forms:as stomach & adjacent duodenum rotate when the buds attach and fuse to form the pancreas

4-ducts within the buds also fuse creating the main pancreatic duct

56
Q

what occurs from an imcomplete closure of the lateral folds during the 4th week?

A

gastroschesis

58
Q

Hepatic Abnormalities

A

extrahepatic biliary atersia

59
Q

the ventral and dorsal wallos of the stomach are growing/forming when?

A

6th week

60
Q

Development of the Small and Large Intestine

A

5th week-the ileum is distinguishable

-Ileum elongates rapidly which causes/results in:

a-causes midgut to fold dorsoventrally (back to belly) = primary intestinal loop

b-cranial part of loopmost of the ileum

c-caudal part will become the ascending and transverse colon

  • the top of primary intestinal loop is attatched to the umbilicus by the vitalline duct
  • contunued elongation of the midgut and dramatic growth of the liver which forces the primary intestinal loop to herniate into the umblicus
61
Q

How are abnormalities of the esophagus usually found?

A

typically have trouble passing a tube-you will meet resistence/obstruction

62
Q

Development of the small and large intestine

A

THe small intestine is now elongating to form the jejunum, jejuanal-ileal loop and cecum and appendix

63
Q

What causes imperforate anus?

A

abnormal development

failure of membrane to rupture during the 8th week

64
Q

**The Intestine develop in the umbilicus as the primary intestinal loop herniates and also rotates 90 degrees counterclockwise

A
65
Q

what does the cloacal membrane become?

A

1-anus

2-urogenital system

66
Q

What week does the rectum form?

(urorectal septum fusing withthe cloacal membrane)

A

7th

67
Q

Caused by weakened by regression of right umbilical vein

A

Gastroschesis

68
Q

health assessment

in=mperforate anus

A

check patency-1 rectal temp

membrane can be broken and it will be ok if there is a connection between the rectum and anus

69
Q

when does the stoach develop?

A

4th week

70
Q

Development of the Midgut

A

Small Intestine

Cecum

appendix

ascending colon

right 1/2 to 2/3 of transverse colon

Most of duodenum

71
Q

Liver

A
  • by the 9th week, the liver counts for about 10% of the total body weight of the fetus
  • bile starts to enter the duodenum after the 12th week
  • bile gives meconium dark green color
  • meconium begins to form at 6 weeks of age
72
Q

Increase int he size between 5&10 weeks is due to:

A

the hematopoetic activity in the liver

73
Q

Pancrease abnormalities

A

Annular Pancreas

74
Q

Umbilical Hernia

A
  • does not close off to the intestinal cavity
  • consists of greater omentum and some small intesine
  • Protrudes during crying
  • not repaired unless persists beyond age 3-5
  • see umbilicus close off to the intestinal cavity by the 10th week of gestation
  • can be various sizes and range 1-5cm
  • if can be reduced or not will determine how soon surgery will be done (or if surgery will be done)
75
Q

Annualar Pancreas

Disorders of the Pancreas

A
  • Thin flat band of pancreatic tissue that surrounds the decending (second) part of the duodenum
  • it is another ventral pancreatic bud that grows; this bud will fuse with dorsal bud forming a ring around the duodenum
  • can cause obstruction of the duodenum
  • infants that have an annular will present with complete or partial bowel obstruction
  • Can see Down’s Syndrome with intestinal mal-rotation or cardiac defects
  • females are more affected than males
76
Q

Symptoms of a patent Urachus

Abnormalities of the HINDgut

A

leakage of urine around the umbilicus

UTI

Peritonitis (with perforation of the urachus)

Repaired surgically (sometimes urgently)

77
Q

When does folding of the embryo occur?

A

3rd week

78
Q

abnormalities in stomach:

A

Pyloric Stenosis

Quiz #5 306 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions