Development of CRM in 50s Flashcards
What was the date of the PLESSY v. FERGUSON ruling?
1896
What was the main idea behind the 1896 PLESSY v. FERGUSON ruling?
Separate but equal legalised segregation
Give the main idea and date of the PLESSY v. FERGUSON ruling.
Separate but equal legalised segregation, 1896
What was the main Supreme Court ruling in 1896?
PLESSY v. FERGUSON
What main Supreme Court ruling said that separate but equal segregation was legal?
PLESSY v. FERGUSON 1896
When did black people realise that racism was not worldwide?
During the world wars, when they met black French soldiers
What is meant by de facto discrimination/segregation?
Segregation of races in fact (rather than by law)
What term is used to describe the segregation of races in fact (rather than by law)?
De facto
What did black people realise during the world wars when fighting abroad?
That racism was not everywhere, as they met black soldiers fighting for the French
What is meant by de jure discrimination/segregation?
Segregation by law
What term is used to describe segregation by law?
De jure
What were the Jim Crow laws?
Segregation laws in Southern States, following the period called ‘Reconstruction’
What is the name of segregation laws in Southern States, following the period called ‘Reconstruction’?
Jim Crow laws
When was Emmet Till murdered by the KKK?
1955
Who was murdered by the KKK in 1955?
Emmet Till
Who murdered Emmet Till in 1955?
The KKK
Why was Emmet Till murdered by the KKK in 1955?
Wolf whistled at a white woman
What happened to Emmet Till in 1955?
Murdered by the KKK for wolf-whistling at a white woman
What is the story of Emmet Till?
Murdered in 1955 by the KKK for wolf-whistling at a white woman
What is the story of Autherine Lucy?
In 1955 she took the University of Alabama to federal court to obtain admission but they expelled her, claiming she lied about her race.
Who took the University of Alabama to federal court in 1955?
Autherine Lucy
What happened when Autherine Lucy took Alabama University to court in 1955?
They expelled her, claiming she lied about her race.
Why did Autherine Lucy take the Univeristy of Alabama to federal court?
To obtain admission to the university
When did Autherine Lucy take the Univeristy of Alabama to federal court?
1955
Who did Autherine Lucy take to federal court in 1955?
University of Alabama
What was set up in 1946?
The Dixiecrat Party
When was the Dixiecrat Party set up?
1946
Name the ways that the NAACP presented legal challenges to educational segregation via the Supreme Court in the 1950s. (7)
- 1950 McLAURIN v. OKLAHOMA STATE REGENT
- 1950 SWEATT v. PAINTER
- 1954 BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION
- 1955 BROWN II
- 1957 Little Rock Crisis
- 1957 Civil Rights Bill
- 1960 Civil Rights Act
What date was McLAURIN v. OKLAHOMA STATE REGENT?
1950
Name two NAACP legal challenges to segregation via the Supreme Court that occured in 1950.
McLAURIN v. OKLAHOMA STATE REGENT; SWEATT v. PAINTER
What was the outcome of McLAURIN v. OKLAHOMA STATE REGENT in 1950?
Forced the University of Oklahoma to accept black students
What did SWEATT v. PAINTER do in 1950?
Successfully challenged ‘separate but equal’ educational facilities
What idea did SWEATT v. PAINTER challenge in 1950? (Name specific ruling)
Successfully challenged ‘separate but equal’ idea in educational facilities from PLESSY v. FERGUSON in 1896
When was SWEATT v. PAINTER?
1950
When did McLAURIN v. OKLAHOMA STATE REGENT and SWEATT v. PAINTER occur?
1950
When was the BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION ruling?
1954
Define civil rights.
Having the vote in free elections; equal treatment under the law; equal opportunities in education and work; freedom of speech, religion and movement.
What term is used to describe having the vote in free elections; equal treatment under the law; equal opportunities in education and work; freedom of speech, religion and movement?
Civil Rights
Define reconstruction.
After the Civil war when 11 confederate states were rebuilt, reformed and restored to the union
What term is used to describe how after the Civil war when 11 confederate states were rebuilt, reformed and restored to the union?
Reconstruction
Define sharecropper.
The black labourer provides the labour in return for a share of the crop from white land
What term is used to describe when the black labourer provides the labour in return for a share of the crop from white land?
Sharecropper
Define lynching.
Unlawful killing (usually by hanging)
What term is used to describe unlawful killing (usually by hanging)?
Lynching
What was the KKK?
White racists/armed/terrorist
What term is used to describe the organisation of white racists/armed/terrorists?
KKK
What were the Jim Crow laws?
Legalised segregation in southern states
What term is used to describe legalised segregation in southern states?
Jim Crow laws
Define accomodationism.
Initial black concentration on economic improvement rather than on political, legal and social equality.
What term is used to describe the initial black concentration on economic improvement rather than on political, legal and social equality?
Accomodationism
What were the NAACP?
National Assocation for the Advancement of Coloured People set up in 1909 to gain black equality
What organistiaon was set up in 1909 to gain black equality?
NAACP
What does the NAACP stand for?
National Assocation for the Advancement of Coloured People
When was the NAACP set up?
1909
What was the aim of the NAACP?
To gain black equality
How would you describe the POLITICAL position of blacks in the NORTH in the 1950s?
- Everyone can vote
- less black elected officials (only 2 in 1945 congress)
- Blacks still unequal to whites
How many black elected officials were in Congress in 1945?
2
How would you describe the POLITICAL position of blacks in the SOUTH in the 1950s?
- Few could vote
- Registering hard because of poll tax and literacy tests
- Meant whites voted into power and nothing would change
- NAACP working to make black voting easier
- 3% voting in 1940
- 12% voting in 1947
Why was it difficult for Southern blacks to register to vote in the 1950s?
- Poll tax
- Literacy tests
- Whites were voted into power and nothing would change; vicious circle
What percentage of Southern blacks could vote in 1940?
3%
What percentage of Southern blacks could vote in 1947?
12%
Using percentage statistics, give evidence as to how Southern black voting improved in the 1940s.
3% of blacks could vote in 1940, but by 1947 this increased fourfold to 12%
Describe how the POLITICAL position of blacks in the NORTH and the SOUTH compared in the 1950s.
- Northern blacks could vote but were still unequal to whites, with only 2 elected black officials in 1945 Congress
- Only 3% of S. blacks could vote in 1940 bc. of poll taxes and literacy tests, thus whites were voted in and nothing would change. NAACP’s work increased this to 12% in 1947.
Describe the SOCIAL position of NORTHERN blacks in the 1950s.
- De facto segregation
- Blacks concentrated to ghettos with inferior homes, jobs and schools bc. white unwilling to mix (or allow their children to) and companies reluctant to employ blacks
What kind of segregation was present in Northern black society in the 1950s?
De facto
Why were Northern blacks concentrated to ghettos with inferior homes, jobs and schools in 1950s society?
Whites were unwilling to mix (or allow their children to), and white companies were reluctant to employ blacks.
Describe the SOCIAL position of SOUTHERN blacks in the 1950s
- De jure segregation
- Even well-educated blacks were inferior
- 2nd class citizenship (couldn’t attend white schools, marry whites, testify in court, own guns or property)
What kind of segregation was present in Southern black society in the 1950s?
De jure
What was meant of the ‘2nd class citizenship’ of Southern blacks in 1950s society?
- Couldn’t attend white schools
- Marry whites
- Testify in court
- Own a gun
- Own property
Describe how the SOCIAL position of blacks in the NORTH and the SOUTH compared in the 1950s.
- Northern blacks subject to de facto segregation, concentrated to ghettos with inferior homes, jobs and education
- Southern blacks subject to de jure segregation, had 2nd class citizenship (couldn’t attend white schools, marry whites, testify in court, own guns or property)
Describe the ECONOMIC position of blacks in the NORTH in the 1950s.
- Better prosperity in heavily populated black areas
- Black residents brought down property prices.
Describe the ECONOMIC position of blacks in the SOUTH in the 1950s/
- Whites didn’t want to work alongside blacks
- Soldiers found it hard to find jobs or respect
- Women often in domestic services and men as bellhops/binmen (wasted potential?)
- Poor status, low pay and worst jobs (bc. poor education and prejudice)
What kind of jobs did Southern black women find themselves in in the 1950s?
Domestic services
What kind of jobs did Southern black men find themselves in in the 1950s?
Bellhops and binmen
What position did Southern black soldiers find themselves in in the 1950s?
- Hard to find jobs
- No respect
Why did Southern blacks in the 1950s endure poor status, low pay and the worst jobs?
- Poorly educated
- Prejudice of society
Describe how the ECONOMIC position of blacks in the NORTH and the SOUTH compared in the 1950s.
- Northern blacks experienced prosperity in heavily populated black areas, yet black residency brought down property prices
- Southern blacks endured low pay and worst jobs (women = domestic services; men = bellhops/binmen; soldiers = unemployed) due to poor education and prejudice
Describe the LEGAL position of blacks in the NORTH in the 1950s.
- No de jure segregation
- Law courts and police treated blacks unfairly
- Minority of black policemen
- Police brutality against ghetto blacks
Describe the LEGAL position of blacks in the SOUTH in the 1950s.
- Blacks not protected by law because of de jure segregation (e.g. Jim Crow)
- Public facilities highly segregated
- All law enforcement officials were white
- White judges/juries would often find blacks guilty and whites innocent
- Police brutality
Describe how the LEGAL position of blacks in the NORTH and the SOUTH compared in the 1950s.
- Northern law courts and police treated blacks unfairly and brutally, as black policemen were few
- Southern blacks faced more extreme legal segregation due to lack of legal protection (de jure segregation i.e. Jim Crow; law enforcement officials were white; biased white judges/juries) as well as police brutality
Give 6 reasons why racial discrimination was allowed to be so widespread between 1865 and 1945.
- Failure of Reconstruction
- Passing of Jim Crow laws
- PLESSY v. FERGUSON and the Supreme Court
- Attitude of federal government
- Lack of voting rights for blacks
- Establishment of KKK and growth of lynching
What acts and amendments contributed to the failure of reconstruction 1865-1870?
- 13th Amendment 1865 (ending slavery)
- Civil Rights Act 1866
- Military Reconstruction Act 1867
- 14th Amendment 1868 (equality before the law)
- 15th Amendment 1870 (right to vote)
Describe the aims of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendment.
- 13th Amendment 1865 (ending slavery)
- 14th Amendment 1868 (equality before the law)
- 15th Amendment 1870 (right to vote)
When was the 13th Amendment?
1865
What significant legislature was passed in 1865?
13th Amendment
What was the 13th Amendment passed for?
Ending slavery
When was the 14th Amendment?
1868
What significant legislature was passed in 1868?
14th Amendment
What was the 14th Amendment passed for?
Equality before the law
When was the 15th Amendment?
1870
What significant legislature was passed in 1870?
15th Amendment
What the 15th Amendment passed for?
Right to vote
What was the impact of Acts and Amendments 1865-1870?
- Blacks trapped economically so couldn’t use freedom of movement
- Black community divided into ex-slaves and free-born
- Some blacks benefited from improved education and Freedman’s Bureau
- Voted republican but limited impact in federal government
- Built own churches
Give evidence to show how blacks benefited from improved education and the work of Freedman’s Bureau.
- 1860 = 90% illiterate blacks
- 1880 = 70% illiterate blacks
How many blacks were illiterate in 1860?
90%
How many blacks were illiterate in 1880?
70%
How did the literacy of blacks improved between 1860 and 1880?
- 1860 = 90% illiterate blacks
- 1880 = 70% illiterate blacks
Why were the Jim Crow laws passed in the South?
- Whites fearful and hostile
- Accused blacks of voodooism
- Labelled blacks as barbaric and carriers of STDs
- Some called for mass castration of blacks
What was the impact of passing Jim Crow laws in the South?
- Legal equality no longer existed
- Work of reconstruction diminishing
What did (or didn’t) the PLESSY v. FERGUSON ruling of 1896 do?
- Stated separate but equal facilities were legal and no against the 14th Amendment
- Did nothing to stop Southern states spending 10x more on white schools
- Failed to uphold 15th Amendment (black’s right to vote)
What was the impact of the PLESSY v. FERGUSON ruling of 1896?
- Blacks had limited/no political voice
- Black education suffered
- Facilities never equal anyway
- Southern states ignored the US Contitution
What was the attitude of federal government by 1875?
- All 3 branches of federal government ignored Southern blacks
- No laws passed to help blacks after 1875
- Republicans focused on the North
- Democrats focused on the South
What the impact of federal government’s attitude in 1875?
White Southern democrats believed in white supremacy
What was included in the lack of voting rights that helped discrimination to be so widespread?
- White illiterates could still vote
- Literacy and income qualifications introduced for voting
- Deliberately manipulated to penalise blacks
What was the impact of the lack of black voting rights?
- Only 3% of Southern blacks could vote by 1900
- Political rights short-lived
How did the establishment of the KKK allow racial discrimination against Black Americans to be so widespread?
- 1/2 million people joined between 1868-71
- 2734 blacks lynched between 1885-1917
- No legal action against whites who murdered
How many people joined the KKK between 1868-71?
500,000
How many blacks were lynched between 18885-1917?
2734
When was the KKK established?
1866
What was the impact of the establishment of the KKK in 1866?
- Made blacks too frightened to resist/complain
- Blacks fearful because they had no legal protection (law enforcers always white and often KKK members themselves)
What are 9 factors that helped to lead to some changes in the legal, social and economic position of black americans by 1950?
- The Great Migration
- First world War
- Community spirit
- Role of NAACP
- Role of Marcus Garvey
- Philip Randolph, trade unions and left wing activism
- Depression and the New Deal
- Impact of WW2
- Impact of the Cold War
What was the Great Migration?
- 6 million blacks migrated from rural South to Northern cities between 1910-1970
- 89% of blacks lived in the South by 1919, but 53% by 1970
How many blacks migrated between 1910-1970 as part of the Great Migration?
6 million
How many blacks lived in the South in 1919?
89%
How many blacks lived in the South by 1970?
53%
How did the population of blacks in the South change 1910-1970?
89% of blacks lived in the South by 1919, but 53% by 1970
What was the impact of the Great Migration on changing black American’s legal, social and economic position by 1950?
- Greater economic opportunities
- Urbanisation led to increase of black consciousness and a greater sense of community
- Increased population led to increase in race relation issues (e.g. KKK membership now included northerners)
What did the First World War do towards Black Americans?
- Black soldiers in France witnessed a less racist society
- Race riots took place in 25 cities in 1919, sparked off by white resentment for jobs and housing following demobilisation
How many cities did the 1919 race riots take place in?
25
Why did the 1919 race riots occur?
White resentment for jobs and housing following demobilisation
What was the impact of the First World War on changing black American’s legal, social and economic position by 1950?
- Increased awareness of dicrimination
- Increased “black consciousness”
- White resentment
What increased black community spirit by 1950?
- Harlem Renaissance 1919-30, where black culture in Harlem flourished with dance, music, poetry and drama
- Newspapers, civic clubs and churchs
When was the Harlem Renaissance?
1919-1930
What was the impact of the Harlem Renaissance?
Black culture flourished with dance, music, poetry and drama in Harlem, increasing black community spirit
What was the impact of increased sense of black community spirit in changing the legal, social and economic
Black unity increases more self-confidence and a belief in self-help
What was the role of NAACP in helping change black American’s social, legal and economic position by 1950?
- Set up in 1909, working with other organisations to gain black equality
- Campaigned for educatonal changes (1938 MISSOURI EX REL GAINES v. CANADA=equal qualitiy of education at graduate level)
- Worked with trade unions 1941 to abolish poll tax
- Pressurised House of Representatives to pass anti-lynching bills in 1937 and 1940 (halted by Southern democrats in the Senate)
- Charles Houstin directed legal campaigns in 1934
- Thurgood Marshall his star lawyer
- Focused on obtaining SC ruling on educational inequalities from 1931
- Won court victories against grandfather clause 1915
- W.E.B. Dubois a key spokesperson in advocating protest, not accomodationism
When was the NAACP set up?
1909
What SC ruling in 1938 gained equal quality of education at graduate level?
MISSOURI EX REL GAINES v. CANADA
What was the 1938 MISSOURI EX REL GAINES v. CANADA?
Gained equal quality of education at graduate level
What SC ruling was in 1938?
Who did the NAACP work with to abolish the poll tax?MISSOURI EX REL GAINES v. CANADA, Gained equal quality of education at graduate level
Who did the NAACP work with in 1941 to obtain abolition of the poll tax?
Trades unions
What did the NAACP and trades unions work together to acheive in 1941?
Abolition of the poll tax?
When did the NAACP and trades unions work together to abolish the poll tax?
1941
What was the impact of the NAACP’s role in leading to change in the legal, social and economic position of lack Americans by 1950?
- Longevity (from 1909) won respect from some whites
- Publicity helped reduce the number of lynchings and raise awareness
- Leaders were community role models
- Success against Grandfather Clause in 1915 grew membership steadily
What was the role of Marcus Garvey in helping change black American’s social, legal and economic position by 1950?
- Set up Universal Negro Improvement Association 1914
- Argued for self-help, separation of races and armed self-defence
Who set up the Universal Negro Improvement Association in 1914?
Marcus Garvey
What did Marcus Garvey do in 1914?
Set up Universal Negro Improvement Association
What does UNIA stand for?
Universal Negro Improvement Association
When was the Universal Negro Improvement Association set up by Marcus Garvey?
1914
What was the impact of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association in changing the legal, social and economic position of blacks by 1950?
- Increased sense of community
- Created 1st mass black movement
- Appealed to those frustrated by lack of progress
What was the role of Philip Randolph, trades unions and left wing activism in helping change black American’s social, legal and economic position by 1950?
- Randolph established first all-black trades union for railroad ported in 1925
- Food, Tobacco, Agriculture and Allied Workers Union discussed citizenship and voter registration
- Community Party encouraged blacks to unionise (e.g. Lowndes County developed a civil rights centre)
What was the impact of Philip Randolph, trades unions and left wing activism in helping change black American’s social, legal and economic position by 1950?
- P. Randolph’s union realised mass non-violent action could force federal government to help
- Black membership of trades unions had increased in the Great Depression; unionisation helped make more blacks more assertive and campaign for civil rights
