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Z: AS History - Civil Rights > Development of CRM in 50s > Flashcards

Development of CRM in 50s Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the date of the PLESSY v. FERGUSON ruling?

A

1896

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2
Q

What was the main idea behind the 1896 PLESSY v. FERGUSON ruling?

A

Separate but equal legalised segregation

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3
Q

Give the main idea and date of the PLESSY v. FERGUSON ruling.

A

Separate but equal legalised segregation, 1896

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4
Q

What was the main Supreme Court ruling in 1896?

A

PLESSY v. FERGUSON

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5
Q

What main Supreme Court ruling said that separate but equal segregation was legal?

A

PLESSY v. FERGUSON 1896

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6
Q

When did black people realise that racism was not worldwide?

A

During the world wars, when they met black French soldiers

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7
Q

What is meant by de facto discrimination/segregation?

A

Segregation of races in fact (rather than by law)

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8
Q

What term is used to describe the segregation of races in fact (rather than by law)?

A

De facto

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9
Q

What did black people realise during the world wars when fighting abroad?

A

That racism was not everywhere, as they met black soldiers fighting for the French

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10
Q

What is meant by de jure discrimination/segregation?

A

Segregation by law

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11
Q

What term is used to describe segregation by law?

A

De jure

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12
Q

What were the Jim Crow laws?

A

Segregation laws in Southern States, following the period called ‘Reconstruction’

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13
Q

What is the name of segregation laws in Southern States, following the period called ‘Reconstruction’?

A

Jim Crow laws

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14
Q

When was Emmet Till murdered by the KKK?

A

1955

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15
Q

Who was murdered by the KKK in 1955?

A

Emmet Till

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16
Q

Who murdered Emmet Till in 1955?

A

The KKK

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17
Q

Why was Emmet Till murdered by the KKK in 1955?

A

Wolf whistled at a white woman

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18
Q

What happened to Emmet Till in 1955?

A

Murdered by the KKK for wolf-whistling at a white woman

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19
Q

What is the story of Emmet Till?

A

Murdered in 1955 by the KKK for wolf-whistling at a white woman

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20
Q

What is the story of Autherine Lucy?

A

In 1955 she took the University of Alabama to federal court to obtain admission but they expelled her, claiming she lied about her race.

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21
Q

Who took the University of Alabama to federal court in 1955?

A

Autherine Lucy

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22
Q

What happened when Autherine Lucy took Alabama University to court in 1955?

A

They expelled her, claiming she lied about her race.

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23
Q

Why did Autherine Lucy take the Univeristy of Alabama to federal court?

A

To obtain admission to the university

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24
Q

When did Autherine Lucy take the Univeristy of Alabama to federal court?

A

1955

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25
Q

Who did Autherine Lucy take to federal court in 1955?

A

University of Alabama

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26
Q

What was set up in 1946?

A

The Dixiecrat Party

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27
Q

When was the Dixiecrat Party set up?

A

1946

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28
Q

Name the ways that the NAACP presented legal challenges to educational segregation via the Supreme Court in the 1950s. (7)

A
  • 1950 McLAURIN v. OKLAHOMA STATE REGENT
  • 1950 SWEATT v. PAINTER
  • 1954 BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION
  • 1955 BROWN II
  • 1957 Little Rock Crisis
  • 1957 Civil Rights Bill
  • 1960 Civil Rights Act
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29
Q

What date was McLAURIN v. OKLAHOMA STATE REGENT?

A

1950

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30
Q

Name two NAACP legal challenges to segregation via the Supreme Court that occured in 1950.

A

McLAURIN v. OKLAHOMA STATE REGENT; SWEATT v. PAINTER

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31
Q

What was the outcome of McLAURIN v. OKLAHOMA STATE REGENT in 1950?

A

Forced the University of Oklahoma to accept black students

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32
Q

What did SWEATT v. PAINTER do in 1950?

A

Successfully challenged ‘separate but equal’ educational facilities

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33
Q

What idea did SWEATT v. PAINTER challenge in 1950? (Name specific ruling)

A

Successfully challenged ‘separate but equal’ idea in educational facilities from PLESSY v. FERGUSON in 1896

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34
Q

When was SWEATT v. PAINTER?

A

1950

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35
Q

When did McLAURIN v. OKLAHOMA STATE REGENT and SWEATT v. PAINTER occur?

A

1950

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36
Q

When was the BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION ruling?

A

1954

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37
Q

Define civil rights.

A

Having the vote in free elections; equal treatment under the law; equal opportunities in education and work; freedom of speech, religion and movement.

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38
Q

What term is used to describe having the vote in free elections; equal treatment under the law; equal opportunities in education and work; freedom of speech, religion and movement?

A

Civil Rights

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39
Q

Define reconstruction.

A

After the Civil war when 11 confederate states were rebuilt, reformed and restored to the union

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40
Q

What term is used to describe how after the Civil war when 11 confederate states were rebuilt, reformed and restored to the union?

A

Reconstruction

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41
Q

Define sharecropper.

A

The black labourer provides the labour in return for a share of the crop from white land

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42
Q

What term is used to describe when the black labourer provides the labour in return for a share of the crop from white land?

A

Sharecropper

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43
Q

Define lynching.

A

Unlawful killing (usually by hanging)

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44
Q

What term is used to describe unlawful killing (usually by hanging)?

A

Lynching

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45
Q

What was the KKK?

A

White racists/armed/terrorist

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46
Q

What term is used to describe the organisation of white racists/armed/terrorists?

A

KKK

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47
Q

What were the Jim Crow laws?

A

Legalised segregation in southern states

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48
Q

What term is used to describe legalised segregation in southern states?

A

Jim Crow laws

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49
Q

Define accomodationism.

A

Initial black concentration on economic improvement rather than on political, legal and social equality.

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50
Q

What term is used to describe the initial black concentration on economic improvement rather than on political, legal and social equality?

A

Accomodationism

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51
Q

What were the NAACP?

A

National Assocation for the Advancement of Coloured People set up in 1909 to gain black equality

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52
Q

What organistiaon was set up in 1909 to gain black equality?

A

NAACP

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53
Q

What does the NAACP stand for?

A

National Assocation for the Advancement of Coloured People

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54
Q

When was the NAACP set up?

A

1909

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55
Q

What was the aim of the NAACP?

A

To gain black equality

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56
Q

How would you describe the POLITICAL position of blacks in the NORTH in the 1950s?

A
  • Everyone can vote
  • less black elected officials (only 2 in 1945 congress)
  • Blacks still unequal to whites
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57
Q

How many black elected officials were in Congress in 1945?

A

2

58
Q

How would you describe the POLITICAL position of blacks in the SOUTH in the 1950s?

A
  • Few could vote
  • Registering hard because of poll tax and literacy tests
  • Meant whites voted into power and nothing would change
  • NAACP working to make black voting easier
  • 3% voting in 1940
  • 12% voting in 1947
59
Q

Why was it difficult for Southern blacks to register to vote in the 1950s?

A
  • Poll tax
  • Literacy tests
  • Whites were voted into power and nothing would change; vicious circle
60
Q

What percentage of Southern blacks could vote in 1940?

A

3%

61
Q

What percentage of Southern blacks could vote in 1947?

A

12%

62
Q

Using percentage statistics, give evidence as to how Southern black voting improved in the 1940s.

A

3% of blacks could vote in 1940, but by 1947 this increased fourfold to 12%

63
Q

Describe how the POLITICAL position of blacks in the NORTH and the SOUTH compared in the 1950s.

A
  • Northern blacks could vote but were still unequal to whites, with only 2 elected black officials in 1945 Congress
  • Only 3% of S. blacks could vote in 1940 bc. of poll taxes and literacy tests, thus whites were voted in and nothing would change. NAACP’s work increased this to 12% in 1947.
64
Q

Describe the SOCIAL position of NORTHERN blacks in the 1950s.

A
  • De facto segregation
  • Blacks concentrated to ghettos with inferior homes, jobs and schools bc. white unwilling to mix (or allow their children to) and companies reluctant to employ blacks
65
Q

What kind of segregation was present in Northern black society in the 1950s?

A

De facto

66
Q

Why were Northern blacks concentrated to ghettos with inferior homes, jobs and schools in 1950s society?

A

Whites were unwilling to mix (or allow their children to), and white companies were reluctant to employ blacks.

67
Q

Describe the SOCIAL position of SOUTHERN blacks in the 1950s

A
  • De jure segregation
  • Even well-educated blacks were inferior
  • 2nd class citizenship (couldn’t attend white schools, marry whites, testify in court, own guns or property)
68
Q

What kind of segregation was present in Southern black society in the 1950s?

A

De jure

69
Q

What was meant of the ‘2nd class citizenship’ of Southern blacks in 1950s society?

A
  • Couldn’t attend white schools
  • Marry whites
  • Testify in court
  • Own a gun
  • Own property
70
Q

Describe how the SOCIAL position of blacks in the NORTH and the SOUTH compared in the 1950s.

A
  • Northern blacks subject to de facto segregation, concentrated to ghettos with inferior homes, jobs and education
  • Southern blacks subject to de jure segregation, had 2nd class citizenship (couldn’t attend white schools, marry whites, testify in court, own guns or property)
71
Q

Describe the ECONOMIC position of blacks in the NORTH in the 1950s.

A
  • Better prosperity in heavily populated black areas

- Black residents brought down property prices.

72
Q

Describe the ECONOMIC position of blacks in the SOUTH in the 1950s/

A
  • Whites didn’t want to work alongside blacks
  • Soldiers found it hard to find jobs or respect
  • Women often in domestic services and men as bellhops/binmen (wasted potential?)
  • Poor status, low pay and worst jobs (bc. poor education and prejudice)
73
Q

What kind of jobs did Southern black women find themselves in in the 1950s?

A

Domestic services

74
Q

What kind of jobs did Southern black men find themselves in in the 1950s?

A

Bellhops and binmen

75
Q

What position did Southern black soldiers find themselves in in the 1950s?

A
  • Hard to find jobs

- No respect

76
Q

Why did Southern blacks in the 1950s endure poor status, low pay and the worst jobs?

A
  • Poorly educated

- Prejudice of society

77
Q

Describe how the ECONOMIC position of blacks in the NORTH and the SOUTH compared in the 1950s.

A
  • Northern blacks experienced prosperity in heavily populated black areas, yet black residency brought down property prices
  • Southern blacks endured low pay and worst jobs (women = domestic services; men = bellhops/binmen; soldiers = unemployed) due to poor education and prejudice
78
Q

Describe the LEGAL position of blacks in the NORTH in the 1950s.

A
  • No de jure segregation
  • Law courts and police treated blacks unfairly
  • Minority of black policemen
  • Police brutality against ghetto blacks
79
Q

Describe the LEGAL position of blacks in the SOUTH in the 1950s.

A
  • Blacks not protected by law because of de jure segregation (e.g. Jim Crow)
  • Public facilities highly segregated
  • All law enforcement officials were white
  • White judges/juries would often find blacks guilty and whites innocent
  • Police brutality
80
Q

Describe how the LEGAL position of blacks in the NORTH and the SOUTH compared in the 1950s.

A
  • Northern law courts and police treated blacks unfairly and brutally, as black policemen were few
  • Southern blacks faced more extreme legal segregation due to lack of legal protection (de jure segregation i.e. Jim Crow; law enforcement officials were white; biased white judges/juries) as well as police brutality
81
Q

Give 6 reasons why racial discrimination was allowed to be so widespread between 1865 and 1945.

A
  • Failure of Reconstruction
  • Passing of Jim Crow laws
  • PLESSY v. FERGUSON and the Supreme Court
  • Attitude of federal government
  • Lack of voting rights for blacks
  • Establishment of KKK and growth of lynching
82
Q

What acts and amendments contributed to the failure of reconstruction 1865-1870?

A
  • 13th Amendment 1865 (ending slavery)
  • Civil Rights Act 1866
  • Military Reconstruction Act 1867
  • 14th Amendment 1868 (equality before the law)
  • 15th Amendment 1870 (right to vote)
83
Q

Describe the aims of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendment.

A
  • 13th Amendment 1865 (ending slavery)
  • 14th Amendment 1868 (equality before the law)
  • 15th Amendment 1870 (right to vote)
84
Q

When was the 13th Amendment?

A

1865

85
Q

What significant legislature was passed in 1865?

A

13th Amendment

86
Q

What was the 13th Amendment passed for?

A

Ending slavery

87
Q

When was the 14th Amendment?

A

1868

88
Q

What significant legislature was passed in 1868?

A

14th Amendment

89
Q

What was the 14th Amendment passed for?

A

Equality before the law

90
Q

When was the 15th Amendment?

A

1870

91
Q

What significant legislature was passed in 1870?

A

15th Amendment

92
Q

What the 15th Amendment passed for?

A

Right to vote

93
Q

What was the impact of Acts and Amendments 1865-1870?

A
  • Blacks trapped economically so couldn’t use freedom of movement
  • Black community divided into ex-slaves and free-born
  • Some blacks benefited from improved education and Freedman’s Bureau
  • Voted republican but limited impact in federal government
  • Built own churches
94
Q

Give evidence to show how blacks benefited from improved education and the work of Freedman’s Bureau.

A
  • 1860 = 90% illiterate blacks

- 1880 = 70% illiterate blacks

95
Q

How many blacks were illiterate in 1860?

A

90%

96
Q

How many blacks were illiterate in 1880?

A

70%

97
Q

How did the literacy of blacks improved between 1860 and 1880?

A
  • 1860 = 90% illiterate blacks

- 1880 = 70% illiterate blacks

98
Q

Why were the Jim Crow laws passed in the South?

A
  • Whites fearful and hostile
  • Accused blacks of voodooism
  • Labelled blacks as barbaric and carriers of STDs
  • Some called for mass castration of blacks
99
Q

What was the impact of passing Jim Crow laws in the South?

A
  • Legal equality no longer existed

- Work of reconstruction diminishing

100
Q

What did (or didn’t) the PLESSY v. FERGUSON ruling of 1896 do?

A
  • Stated separate but equal facilities were legal and no against the 14th Amendment
  • Did nothing to stop Southern states spending 10x more on white schools
  • Failed to uphold 15th Amendment (black’s right to vote)
101
Q

What was the impact of the PLESSY v. FERGUSON ruling of 1896?

A
  • Blacks had limited/no political voice
  • Black education suffered
  • Facilities never equal anyway
  • Southern states ignored the US Contitution
102
Q

What was the attitude of federal government by 1875?

A
  • All 3 branches of federal government ignored Southern blacks
  • No laws passed to help blacks after 1875
  • Republicans focused on the North
  • Democrats focused on the South
103
Q

What the impact of federal government’s attitude in 1875?

A

White Southern democrats believed in white supremacy

104
Q

What was included in the lack of voting rights that helped discrimination to be so widespread?

A
  • White illiterates could still vote
  • Literacy and income qualifications introduced for voting
  • Deliberately manipulated to penalise blacks
105
Q

What was the impact of the lack of black voting rights?

A
  • Only 3% of Southern blacks could vote by 1900

- Political rights short-lived

106
Q

How did the establishment of the KKK allow racial discrimination against Black Americans to be so widespread?

A
  • 1/2 million people joined between 1868-71
  • 2734 blacks lynched between 1885-1917
  • No legal action against whites who murdered
107
Q

How many people joined the KKK between 1868-71?

A

500,000

108
Q

How many blacks were lynched between 18885-1917?

A

2734

109
Q

When was the KKK established?

A

1866

110
Q

What was the impact of the establishment of the KKK in 1866?

A
  • Made blacks too frightened to resist/complain

- Blacks fearful because they had no legal protection (law enforcers always white and often KKK members themselves)

111
Q

What are 9 factors that helped to lead to some changes in the legal, social and economic position of black americans by 1950?

A
  • The Great Migration
  • First world War
  • Community spirit
  • Role of NAACP
  • Role of Marcus Garvey
  • Philip Randolph, trade unions and left wing activism
  • Depression and the New Deal
  • Impact of WW2
  • Impact of the Cold War
112
Q

What was the Great Migration?

A
  • 6 million blacks migrated from rural South to Northern cities between 1910-1970
  • 89% of blacks lived in the South by 1919, but 53% by 1970
113
Q

How many blacks migrated between 1910-1970 as part of the Great Migration?

A

6 million

114
Q

How many blacks lived in the South in 1919?

A

89%

115
Q

How many blacks lived in the South by 1970?

A

53%

116
Q

How did the population of blacks in the South change 1910-1970?

A

89% of blacks lived in the South by 1919, but 53% by 1970

117
Q

What was the impact of the Great Migration on changing black American’s legal, social and economic position by 1950?

A
  • Greater economic opportunities
  • Urbanisation led to increase of black consciousness and a greater sense of community
  • Increased population led to increase in race relation issues (e.g. KKK membership now included northerners)
118
Q

What did the First World War do towards Black Americans?

A
  • Black soldiers in France witnessed a less racist society
  • Race riots took place in 25 cities in 1919, sparked off by white resentment for jobs and housing following demobilisation
119
Q

How many cities did the 1919 race riots take place in?

A

25

120
Q

Why did the 1919 race riots occur?

A

White resentment for jobs and housing following demobilisation

121
Q

What was the impact of the First World War on changing black American’s legal, social and economic position by 1950?

A
  • Increased awareness of dicrimination
  • Increased “black consciousness”
  • White resentment
122
Q

What increased black community spirit by 1950?

A
  • Harlem Renaissance 1919-30, where black culture in Harlem flourished with dance, music, poetry and drama
  • Newspapers, civic clubs and churchs
123
Q

When was the Harlem Renaissance?

A

1919-1930

124
Q

What was the impact of the Harlem Renaissance?

A

Black culture flourished with dance, music, poetry and drama in Harlem, increasing black community spirit

125
Q

What was the impact of increased sense of black community spirit in changing the legal, social and economic

A

Black unity increases more self-confidence and a belief in self-help

126
Q

What was the role of NAACP in helping change black American’s social, legal and economic position by 1950?

A
  • Set up in 1909, working with other organisations to gain black equality
  • Campaigned for educatonal changes (1938 MISSOURI EX REL GAINES v. CANADA=equal qualitiy of education at graduate level)
  • Worked with trade unions 1941 to abolish poll tax
  • Pressurised House of Representatives to pass anti-lynching bills in 1937 and 1940 (halted by Southern democrats in the Senate)
  • Charles Houstin directed legal campaigns in 1934
  • Thurgood Marshall his star lawyer
  • Focused on obtaining SC ruling on educational inequalities from 1931
  • Won court victories against grandfather clause 1915
  • W.E.B. Dubois a key spokesperson in advocating protest, not accomodationism
127
Q

When was the NAACP set up?

A

1909

128
Q

What SC ruling in 1938 gained equal quality of education at graduate level?

A

MISSOURI EX REL GAINES v. CANADA

129
Q

What was the 1938 MISSOURI EX REL GAINES v. CANADA?

A

Gained equal quality of education at graduate level

130
Q

What SC ruling was in 1938?

A

Who did the NAACP work with to abolish the poll tax?MISSOURI EX REL GAINES v. CANADA, Gained equal quality of education at graduate level

131
Q

Who did the NAACP work with in 1941 to obtain abolition of the poll tax?

A

Trades unions

132
Q

What did the NAACP and trades unions work together to acheive in 1941?

A

Abolition of the poll tax?

133
Q

When did the NAACP and trades unions work together to abolish the poll tax?

A

1941

134
Q

What was the impact of the NAACP’s role in leading to change in the legal, social and economic position of lack Americans by 1950?

A
  • Longevity (from 1909) won respect from some whites
  • Publicity helped reduce the number of lynchings and raise awareness
  • Leaders were community role models
  • Success against Grandfather Clause in 1915 grew membership steadily
135
Q

What was the role of Marcus Garvey in helping change black American’s social, legal and economic position by 1950?

A
  • Set up Universal Negro Improvement Association 1914

- Argued for self-help, separation of races and armed self-defence

136
Q

Who set up the Universal Negro Improvement Association in 1914?

A

Marcus Garvey

137
Q

What did Marcus Garvey do in 1914?

A

Set up Universal Negro Improvement Association

138
Q

What does UNIA stand for?

A

Universal Negro Improvement Association

139
Q

When was the Universal Negro Improvement Association set up by Marcus Garvey?

A

1914

140
Q

What was the impact of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association in changing the legal, social and economic position of blacks by 1950?

A
  • Increased sense of community
  • Created 1st mass black movement
  • Appealed to those frustrated by lack of progress
141
Q

What was the role of Philip Randolph, trades unions and left wing activism in helping change black American’s social, legal and economic position by 1950?

A
  • Randolph established first all-black trades union for railroad ported in 1925
  • Food, Tobacco, Agriculture and Allied Workers Union discussed citizenship and voter registration
  • Community Party encouraged blacks to unionise (e.g. Lowndes County developed a civil rights centre)
142
Q

What was the impact of Philip Randolph, trades unions and left wing activism in helping change black American’s social, legal and economic position by 1950?

A
  • P. Randolph’s union realised mass non-violent action could force federal government to help
  • Black membership of trades unions had increased in the Great Depression; unionisation helped make more blacks more assertive and campaign for civil rights

Z: AS History - Civil Rights (2 decks)

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