development of British hegemony in America

Question 1

give 5 reasons why people emigrated to America

Answer 1

bad harvest (e.g. Scot-Irish Protestants)

religious persecution (e.g. German Puritans)

increase in economic stance (e.g. decline of the linen trade)

slavery from Africa

bad living conditions in Europe

Question 2

give 2 statistics on the increase in population

Answer 2

1700-1763 (250,000 to 2 million)

1750-1770 (1.25 million to 2.3 million)

Question 3

give 3 reasons for the rapid increase in population

Answer 3

high birth rate (7 children per family)

low death rate (better quality of life)

mass immigration

Question 4

by the 1700s what was the largest state and what was the smallest state

Answer 4

Virginia was the largest (500,000 inhabitants)

Georgia was the smallest (30,000 inhabitants)

Question 5

summarise African settlement in the early years of American in 3 points

Answer 5

1619 first slave

1763 there were 350,000 slaves (1/6 of the countries population)

90% lived in the south

Question 6

what were the 3 categories of the 13 colonies called

Answer 6

royal colonies

proprietary colonies

corporate colonies

Question 7

what is salutary neglect

Answer 7

parliamentary rules and laws were losely or not enforced by British rule

Question 8

what is a royal colony

Answer 8

governors appointed by the king or can be removed by the king

Question 9

give 3 examples of royal colonies

Answer 9

Virginia

New Jersey

New York

Question 10

what is a proprietary colony

Answer 10

governed by a lord proprietor, who, holding authority by virtue of a royal charter, usually exercised that authority almost as an independent sovereign

Question 11

give 3 examples of proprietary colonies

Answer 11

Maryland

Pennsylvania

Delaware

Question 12

what is a corporate colony

Answer 12

governors were elected democracticaly

Question 13

what were colonial assemblies

Answer 13

the legislative bodies of the colonies, responsible for making local laws and managing the finances of the colonies

they met in spring and autumn time

Question 14

what were the 2 houses of the colonial assembly

Answer 14

upper house

lower house

Question 15

summarise the upper house

Answer 15

appointed by the governor

chosen from colonial elite

advisors to the government

Question 16

summarise the lower house

Answer 16

elected

could be summoned and dismissed

legislation could be vetoed by the governor

Question 17

summarise local government in the colonies in 4 points

Answer 17

adult males would meet regularly to discuss local concerns and make decisions (New England)

elected local officers called selectmen to manage local affairs (New England)

prominent members of the wealthy planter community were appointed by the governor (southern colonies)

administration was handled by sheriffs (southern colonies)

Question 18

system of justice in the colonies in 3 points

Answer 18

justice was in the hands of local justices of the peace (JP) who were untrained, appointed by governors

they could not deal with cases involving the death penalty or civil suits

governor and his council dealt with the most serious cases

Question 19

main 4 occupations in New England

Answer 19

small subsistience farms

fishermen

shipbuilding

lumber timber

Question 20

main 3 occupations in the middle colonies

Answer 20

wheat and flour products to export

shipbuilding

fishing

Question 21

main 2 occupations in the southern colonies

Answer 21

tobacco (£14 million exports in 1670 and £100 million exports in 1770s)

lumber and timber

Question 22

define merchantilism

Answer 22

the belief that colonies existed essentially to serve the economic interests of the mother country by controlling the production of goods and trading patterns

Question 23

what is salutary neglect

Answer 23

the British largely left the colonies to their own devices (3000 miles)

Question 24

give 3 acts that were imposed under with merchantilism in mind

Answer 24

Woolen Act 1699 (forbade the exports of woolen yarn and cloth outside the colony)

Hat Act 1732 (prohibited the exports of colonial beaver hats)

Molassess Act 1733 (imposed a tax on molasses, sugar and rum imported from non-British foreign colonies into North American colonies)

Question 25

give a statistic surrounding the imports and exports between American and Britain

Answer 25

by 1760s 1/3 of British imports and exports crossed the Atlantic

Question 26

give 3 impacts of smuggling on Britain

Answer 26

British custom officials found themselves rich by bribe money £700,000 per year brought into American colonies illegally avoid paying tax= less money to the British government

Question 27

what did the Woollen Act 1699 do

Answer 27

forbade the export of woollen yarn and cloth outside the colony in which it was produced

Question 28

what did the hat act 1732 do

Answer 28

prohibited the export of colonial beaver hats

Question 29

what did molasses act 1733 do

Answer 29

imposed a tax on molasses, sugar and rum was imported from non-British foreign colonies into North American colonies

Question 30

what did the iron act 1750 do

Answer 30

banned the export of colonial iron outside of the empire which encouraged industry

Question 31

give 3 ways that the economy was restricted

Answer 31

shipping (all goods going to and from the colonies had to be carried in ships built or owned in England and the colonies) only English crews and ships sugar, cotton, indigo, dyewoods, ginger and tobacco could only be exported to England even if their destination was elsewhere

Question 32

give a statistic on economy growth

Answer 32

economy grew by 3.2% per year

Question 33

why was North American trade the fastest growing sector of her entire international trade (2 points)

Answer 33

growing demand for American agricultural goods (more space and easiest source for imported what was America) growing American demand for British manufactured goods (could not be made in the colonies and needed for the rapid growing colonial population)

Question 34

name 3 crucial differences between american and British society

Answer 34

no titled nobility A much larger percentage of the population were landowners distinctions between social classes existed in America but were much weaker than in England and easier to cross social barriers

Question 35

summarise religion in the American colonies (3 points)

Answer 35

church membership was high (especially in New England) no dominant religion denomination in the colonies 500,000 Anglicans prodimately in New York

Question 36

what is the great awakening (5 points)

Answer 36

wave of religious revivals swept through the colonies popular preachers drew crowds greater acceptance of groups freedom to worship their own way preachers included George Whitfield and Johnathon Edwards (went to towns and villages spreading gospel and broke away from established church)

Question 37

summarise education in America (5 points)

Answer 37

colonial intellectual elite were influenced by the enlightenment American philosphocal society founded in 1743 1763- 75% of white male adults could read (only 60% in England) 1763- 9 colleges and universities 1763- 30 newspapers

Question 38

give 3 points that showed positive results of the relationships between the colonists and Native Americans

Answer 38

settlers shown how to grow crops not a lot of competition for land trading (beaver hats in return for manufactured goods)

Question 39

give 5 points that showed negative results of the relationships between the colonists and Native Americans

Answer 39

British were wasteful with land so there was less land available for the Native Americans diseases were spread (e.g. small pox) in some cases 90-95% of Native Americans killed Proclamation Line in 1763 divided nations, 10,000 troops on boarder, many Native Americans killed greedy and exclusive land owning British attitudes Native Americans were allies with the French in the 7 year war

Question 40

summarise the Albany Congress

Answer 40

June 1754 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (ended the war of Austrian succession) British and French carried on fighting for the Ohio Valley went to Native Americans for support (colonies from the Iroquois tribe) Albany congress failed (colonial assemblies refused to give up their sovereignty in favour of a united colonial government) Franklin proposed a permanent inter colonial confederation (authority over Native American affairs, taxes for high defence support)

Question 41

when were the years of The war of Austrian Succession

Answer 41

1740-1748

Question 42

which nations fought in the Austrian succession

Answer 42

French British Spanish Native Americans Colonists

Question 43

War of Austrian Succession- what role did the North Americans play in this war

Answer 43

reviewed the war as foreign war wanted to fight French and Spanish as they loathed their Catholicism most fighting was done by the colonial militia (colonists; french- 15:1)

Question 44

War of Austrian succession- what were the outcomes

Answer 44

Treaty of Aix-la Chapelle failed Albany Congress and a permanent colonial confederation established by Franklin Fort Duquesne failed

Question 45

summarise Fort Duquesne

Answer 45

Virginia planters formed Ohio Company and received 20,000 acres of land from the British Army in the Trans- Allegheny region French were building forts there (e.g. Fort Duquesne) Virginian force led by Washington was hired to prevent the French building forts July 1754- Washington forced to surrender Braddock sent with 20,000 troops but was killed in ambush (British vs French and Native Americans) Native Americans devasted frontier settlement

Question 46

7 years war- what nations fought in this war

Answer 46

French British Native Americans

Question 47

7 years war- what part did the Americans take in the war

Answer 47

Fort Oswego in 1757 (captured by Montcalm) Fort William Henry in 1757 (captured by Montcalm)

Question 48

7 years war- give 3 outcomes of the war for the British

Answer 48

Hawke retook Quiberon on bay in France (stops French imports into America) 3 pronged attack on Canada (capture of Quebec by Wolfe in September 1759) captured Guadelope in Caribbean

Question 49

7 years war- how did it affect relations between the British government and American settlers

Answer 49

gave reigning to the men who would become senior officers in the American army Americans thought British were incompenent and Americans were thought as being a rabble British triumph prepared for the American Revolution

Question 50

what was the treaty called which concluded the 7 year war

Answer 50

Treaty of Paris

Question 51

summarise the treaty of Paris

Answer 51

1763 Amherst took Monredi capture of Canada was complete British took French possessions from France (east of the Mississippi) Britian took French Caribbean Islands Britain took Florida from Spain

Question 52

summarise why William Pitt was a reason why Britain able to defeat the French in the 7 years war (5 points)

Answer 52

had strong control over policy and administration (3 pronged attack and in Caribbean) employed the most aggressive commanders in America (25,000 troops under Amherst and Wolfe) gained support of the colonists and made them equal to the British soldiers (increased pay) made the crown pay for equipment and provisions and made them employ 45,000 troops by 1758 proposed the Militia Act 1757 (local militias protect British from French in England so the army could focus fighting the French in America)

Question 53

summarise why the importance of Native Americans made Britain win the 7 year war (2 points)

Answer 53

British became friendly with them and supplied them with goods at the start they supported the French (e.g. attacked frontier settlements)

Question 54

summarise why the importance of the colonists' role made the British win the 7 year war (2 points)

Answer 54

Pitts policy of financial commitment and alliance between British troops and colonists led to enuthsiasm and patriotism did not fight but built roads and forts

Question 55

summarise why the importance of the navy's role made the British win the 7 year war (5 points)

Answer 55

Hawke won the Quiberon (French can't send supplies to America) Quebec taken due to 18,000 sailors and 100 ships (1759) ships patrolled English Channel for French ships going to North America British navy was stronger than the French or Spanish Pitt increased the size of the navy

Question 56

summarise why finances led to the British winning the 7 year war (2 points)

Answer 56

Pitt paid Frederick the Great of Prussia to attack the French making the French unable to send reinforces to North America growing economy meant that it could support the war effort and provide financial resources if needed

Question 57

what were the years of the 7 year war

Answer 57

May 1756-1763

Question 58

give 5 pieces of evidence to show that the British were successful in the 7 year war

Answer 58

naval supremacy- Battle of Quiberon, stopped the imports into America for the French re-capture of Louisbourg (1754) led to the access to to the Saint Lawrence river, which led to the starting point to capture Quebec and Fort Prince was built to protect the new colony by Loyal land Company Fort Gaspereau and Beauseur captured during the capture of Nova Scotia, led to 14,000 Arcadians being displaced the colonists were no longer afraid about the French attacks anymore expanison into Ohio Valley meant that a good relationship between Native Americans and British were encouraged

Question 59

give 5 pieces of evidence to show that the British were unsuccessful in the 7 year war

Answer 59

not made mends with the Native Americans sooner than the French (led to many conflicts after the Austrian Succession war, frontier settlements attacked) Albany congress 1754 failed to take back fort Duquesne Washington failed to take back forts in Ohio Valley tensions between British and American (civil administeration was inexperienced)

Question 60

give 5 pieces of evidence to show that there was a weakening relationship between Britain and Americans

Answer 60

mixing of identities led to a new identity being created (American) aware of their economic strength, economic ties brought colonies together after the 1763 peace settlement Americans didn't need to depend on the British for protection against the French (reduced relations) mercantilism colonies ran their own affairs

Question 61

give 5 pieces of evidence to show that there was a strong relationship between Britain and American

Answer 61

'American' could be seen as more of a geographical term rather than an identity custom service and post office were British most Americans were loyal to Britain (7 year war- 25,000 Americans had joined the military to fight against the French) in 1763 majority didn't predict the Americans splitting from Britain The British imperial system was quite easy going compared to other colonist nations, as the Americans were subjects to the degree of authority