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America > development of British hegemony in America > Flashcards

development of British hegemony in America Flashcards

1
Q

give 5 reasons why people emigrated to America

A

bad harvest (e.g. Scot-Irish Protestants)

religious persecution (e.g. German Puritans)

increase in economic stance (e.g. decline of the linen trade)

slavery from Africa

bad living conditions in Europe

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2
Q

give 2 statistics on the increase in population

A

1700-1763 (250,000 to 2 million)

1750-1770 (1.25 million to 2.3 million)

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3
Q

give 3 reasons for the rapid increase in population

A

high birth rate (7 children per family)

low death rate (better quality of life)

mass immigration

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4
Q

by the 1700s what was the largest state and what was the smallest state

A

Virginia was the largest (500,000 inhabitants)

Georgia was the smallest (30,000 inhabitants)

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5
Q

summarise African settlement in the early years of American in 3 points

A

1619 first slave

1763 there were 350,000 slaves (1/6 of the countries population)

90% lived in the south

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6
Q

what were the 3 categories of the 13 colonies called

A

royal colonies

proprietary colonies

corporate colonies

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7
Q

what is salutary neglect

A

parliamentary rules and laws were losely or not enforced by British rule

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8
Q

what is a royal colony

A

governors appointed by the king or can be removed by the king

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9
Q

give 3 examples of royal colonies

A

Virginia

New Jersey

New York

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10
Q

what is a proprietary colony

A

governed by a lord proprietor, who, holding authority by virtue of a royal charter, usually exercised that authority almost as an independent sovereign

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11
Q

give 3 examples of proprietary colonies

A

Maryland

Pennsylvania

Delaware

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12
Q

what is a corporate colony

A

governors were elected democracticaly

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13
Q

what were colonial assemblies

A

the legislative bodies of the colonies, responsible for making local laws and managing the finances of the colonies

they met in spring and autumn time

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14
Q

what were the 2 houses of the colonial assembly

A

upper house

lower house

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15
Q

summarise the upper house

A

appointed by the governor

chosen from colonial elite

advisors to the government

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16
Q

summarise the lower house

A

elected

could be summoned and dismissed

legislation could be vetoed by the governor

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17
Q

summarise local government in the colonies in 4 points

A

adult males would meet regularly to discuss local concerns and make decisions (New England)

elected local officers called selectmen to manage local affairs (New England)

prominent members of the wealthy planter community were appointed by the governor (southern colonies)

administration was handled by sheriffs (southern colonies)

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18
Q

system of justice in the colonies in 3 points

A

justice was in the hands of local justices of the peace (JP) who were untrained, appointed by governors

they could not deal with cases involving the death penalty or civil suits

governor and his council dealt with the most serious cases

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19
Q

main 4 occupations in New England

A

small subsistience farms

fishermen

shipbuilding

lumber timber

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20
Q

main 3 occupations in the middle colonies

A

wheat and flour products to export

shipbuilding

fishing

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21
Q

main 2 occupations in the southern colonies

A

tobacco (£14 million exports in 1670 and £100 million exports in 1770s)

lumber and timber

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22
Q

define merchantilism

A

the belief that colonies existed essentially to serve the economic interests of the mother country by controlling the production of goods and trading patterns

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23
Q

what is salutary neglect

A

the British largely left the colonies to their own devices (3000 miles)

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24
Q

give 3 acts that were imposed under with merchantilism in mind

A

Woolen Act 1699 (forbade the exports of woolen yarn and cloth outside the colony)

Hat Act 1732 (prohibited the exports of colonial beaver hats)

Molassess Act 1733 (imposed a tax on molasses, sugar and rum imported from non-British foreign colonies into North American colonies)

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25
Q

give a statistic surrounding the imports and exports between American and Britain

A

by 1760s 1/3 of British imports and exports crossed the Atlantic

26
Q

give 3 impacts of smuggling on Britain

A

British custom officials found themselves rich by bribe money

£700,000 per year brought into American colonies illegally

avoid paying tax= less money to the British government

27
Q

what did the Woollen Act 1699 do

A

forbade the export of woollen yarn and cloth outside the colony in which it was produced

28
Q

what did the hat act 1732 do

A

prohibited the export of colonial beaver hats

29
Q

what did molasses act 1733 do

A

imposed a tax on molasses, sugar and rum was imported from non-British foreign colonies into North American colonies

30
Q

what did the iron act 1750 do

A

banned the export of colonial iron outside of the empire which encouraged industry

31
Q

give 3 ways that the economy was restricted

A

shipping (all goods going to and from the colonies had to be carried in ships built or owned in England and the colonies)

only English crews and ships

sugar, cotton, indigo, dyewoods, ginger and tobacco could only be exported to England even if their destination was elsewhere

32
Q

give a statistic on economy growth

A

economy grew by 3.2% per year

33
Q

why was North American trade the fastest growing sector of her entire international trade (2 points)

A

growing demand for American agricultural goods (more space and easiest source for imported what was America)

growing American demand for British manufactured goods (could not be made in the colonies and needed for the rapid growing colonial population)

34
Q

name 3 crucial differences between american and British society

A

no titled nobility

A much larger percentage of the population were landowners

distinctions between social classes existed in America but were much weaker than in England and easier to cross social barriers

35
Q

summarise religion in the American colonies (3 points)

A

church membership was high (especially in New England)

no dominant religion denomination in the colonies

500,000 Anglicans prodimately in New York

36
Q

what is the great awakening (5 points)

A

wave of religious revivals swept through the colonies

popular preachers drew crowds

greater acceptance of groups

freedom to worship their own way

preachers included George Whitfield and Johnathon Edwards (went to towns and villages spreading gospel and broke away from established church)

37
Q

summarise education in America (5 points)

A

colonial intellectual elite were influenced by the enlightenment

American philosphocal society founded in 1743

1763- 75% of white male adults could read (only 60% in England)

1763- 9 colleges and universities

1763- 30 newspapers

38
Q

give 3 points that showed positive results of the relationships between the colonists and Native Americans

A

settlers shown how to grow crops

not a lot of competition for land

trading (beaver hats in return for manufactured goods)

39
Q

give 5 points that showed negative results of the relationships between the colonists and Native Americans

A

British were wasteful with land so there was less land available for the Native Americans

diseases were spread (e.g. small pox) in some cases 90-95% of Native Americans killed

Proclamation Line in 1763 divided nations, 10,000 troops on boarder, many Native Americans killed

greedy and exclusive land owning British attitudes

Native Americans were allies with the French in the 7 year war

40
Q

summarise the Albany Congress

A

June 1754

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (ended the war of Austrian succession)

British and French carried on fighting for the Ohio Valley

went to Native Americans for support (colonies from the Iroquois tribe)

Albany congress failed (colonial assemblies refused to give up their sovereignty in favour of a united colonial government)

Franklin proposed a permanent inter colonial confederation (authority over Native American affairs, taxes for high defence support)

41
Q

when were the years of The war of Austrian Succession

A

1740-1748

42
Q

which nations fought in the Austrian succession

A

French
British
Spanish
Native Americans
Colonists

43
Q

War of Austrian Succession- what role did the North Americans play in this war

A

reviewed the war as foreign war

wanted to fight French and Spanish as they loathed their Catholicism

most fighting was done by the colonial militia (colonists; french- 15:1)

44
Q

War of Austrian succession- what were the outcomes

A

Treaty of Aix-la Chapelle

failed Albany Congress and a permanent colonial confederation established by Franklin

Fort Duquesne failed

45
Q

summarise Fort Duquesne

A

Virginia planters formed Ohio Company and received 20,000 acres of land from the British Army in the Trans- Allegheny region

French were building forts there (e.g. Fort Duquesne)

Virginian force led by Washington was hired to prevent the French building forts

July 1754- Washington forced to surrender

Braddock sent with 20,000 troops but was killed in ambush (British vs French and Native Americans)

Native Americans devasted frontier settlement

46
Q

7 years war- what nations fought in this war

A

French
British
Native Americans

47
Q

7 years war- what part did the Americans take in the war

A

Fort Oswego in 1757 (captured by Montcalm)
Fort William Henry in 1757 (captured by Montcalm)

48
Q

7 years war- give 3 outcomes of the war for the British

A

Hawke retook Quiberon on bay in France (stops French imports into America)

3 pronged attack on Canada (capture of Quebec by Wolfe in September 1759)

captured Guadelope in Caribbean

49
Q

7 years war- how did it affect relations between the British government and American settlers

A

gave reigning to the men who would become senior officers in the American army

Americans thought British were incompenent and Americans were thought as being a rabble

British triumph prepared for the American Revolution

50
Q

what was the treaty called which concluded the 7 year war

A

Treaty of Paris

51
Q

summarise the treaty of Paris

A

1763
Amherst took Monredi
capture of Canada was complete
British took French possessions from France (east of the Mississippi)
Britian took French Caribbean Islands
Britain took Florida from Spain

52
Q

summarise why William Pitt was a reason why Britain able to defeat the French in the 7 years war (5 points)

A

had strong control over policy and administration (3 pronged attack and in Caribbean)

employed the most aggressive commanders in America (25,000 troops under Amherst and Wolfe)

gained support of the colonists and made them equal to the British soldiers (increased pay)

made the crown pay for equipment and provisions and made them employ 45,000 troops by 1758

proposed the Militia Act 1757 (local militias protect British from French in England so the army could focus fighting the French in America)

53
Q

summarise why the importance of Native Americans made Britain win the 7 year war (2 points)

A

British became friendly with them and supplied them with goods

at the start they supported the French (e.g. attacked frontier settlements)

54
Q

summarise why the importance of the colonists’ role made the British win the 7 year war (2 points)

A

Pitts policy of financial commitment and alliance between British troops and colonists led to enuthsiasm and patriotism

did not fight but built roads and forts

55
Q

summarise why the importance of the navy’s role made the British win the 7 year war (5 points)

A

Hawke won the Quiberon (French can’t send supplies to America)

Quebec taken due to 18,000 sailors and 100 ships (1759)

ships patrolled English Channel for French ships going to North America

British navy was stronger than the French or Spanish

Pitt increased the size of the navy

56
Q

summarise why finances led to the British winning the 7 year war (2 points)

A

Pitt paid Frederick the Great of Prussia to attack the French making the French unable to send reinforces to North America

growing economy meant that it could support the war effort and provide financial resources if needed

57
Q

what were the years of the 7 year war

A

May 1756-1763

58
Q

give 5 pieces of evidence to show that the British were successful in the 7 year war

A

naval supremacy- Battle of Quiberon, stopped the imports into America for the French

re-capture of Louisbourg (1754) led to the access to to the Saint Lawrence river, which led to the starting point to capture Quebec and Fort Prince was built to protect the new colony by Loyal land Company

Fort Gaspereau and Beauseur captured during the capture of Nova Scotia, led to 14,000 Arcadians being displaced

the colonists were no longer afraid about the French attacks anymore

expanison into Ohio Valley meant that a good relationship between Native Americans and British were encouraged

59
Q

give 5 pieces of evidence to show that the British were unsuccessful in the 7 year war

A

not made mends with the Native Americans sooner than the French (led to many conflicts after the Austrian Succession war, frontier settlements attacked)

Albany congress 1754

failed to take back fort Duquesne

Washington failed to take back forts in Ohio Valley

tensions between British and American (civil administeration was inexperienced)

60
Q

give 5 pieces of evidence to show that there was a weakening relationship between Britain and Americans

A

mixing of identities led to a new identity being created (American)

aware of their economic strength, economic ties brought colonies together

after the 1763 peace settlement Americans didn’t need to depend on the British for protection against the French (reduced relations)

mercantilism

colonies ran their own affairs

61
Q

give 5 pieces of evidence to show that there was a strong relationship between Britain and American

A

‘American’ could be seen as more of a geographical term rather than an identity

custom service and post office were British

most Americans were loyal to Britain (7 year war- 25,000 Americans had joined the military to fight against the French)

in 1763 majority didn’t predict the Americans splitting from Britain

The British imperial system was quite easy going compared to other colonist nations, as the Americans were subjects to the degree of authority

America (2 decks)

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