development of British hegemony in America Flashcards
give 5 reasons why people emigrated to America
bad harvest (e.g. Scot-Irish Protestants)
religious persecution (e.g. German Puritans)
increase in economic stance (e.g. decline of the linen trade)
slavery from Africa
bad living conditions in Europe
give 2 statistics on the increase in population
1700-1763 (250,000 to 2 million)
1750-1770 (1.25 million to 2.3 million)
give 3 reasons for the rapid increase in population
high birth rate (7 children per family)
low death rate (better quality of life)
mass immigration
by the 1700s what was the largest state and what was the smallest state
Virginia was the largest (500,000 inhabitants)
Georgia was the smallest (30,000 inhabitants)
summarise African settlement in the early years of American in 3 points
1619 first slave
1763 there were 350,000 slaves (1/6 of the countries population)
90% lived in the south
what were the 3 categories of the 13 colonies called
royal colonies
proprietary colonies
corporate colonies
what is salutary neglect
parliamentary rules and laws were losely or not enforced by British rule
what is a royal colony
governors appointed by the king or can be removed by the king
give 3 examples of royal colonies
Virginia
New Jersey
New York
what is a proprietary colony
governed by a lord proprietor, who, holding authority by virtue of a royal charter, usually exercised that authority almost as an independent sovereign
give 3 examples of proprietary colonies
Maryland
Pennsylvania
Delaware
what is a corporate colony
governors were elected democracticaly
what were colonial assemblies
the legislative bodies of the colonies, responsible for making local laws and managing the finances of the colonies
they met in spring and autumn time
what were the 2 houses of the colonial assembly
upper house
lower house
summarise the upper house
appointed by the governor
chosen from colonial elite
advisors to the government
summarise the lower house
elected
could be summoned and dismissed
legislation could be vetoed by the governor
summarise local government in the colonies in 4 points
adult males would meet regularly to discuss local concerns and make decisions (New England)
elected local officers called selectmen to manage local affairs (New England)
prominent members of the wealthy planter community were appointed by the governor (southern colonies)
administration was handled by sheriffs (southern colonies)
system of justice in the colonies in 3 points
justice was in the hands of local justices of the peace (JP) who were untrained, appointed by governors
they could not deal with cases involving the death penalty or civil suits
governor and his council dealt with the most serious cases
main 4 occupations in New England
small subsistience farms
fishermen
shipbuilding
lumber timber
main 3 occupations in the middle colonies
wheat and flour products to export
shipbuilding
fishing
main 2 occupations in the southern colonies
tobacco (£14 million exports in 1670 and £100 million exports in 1770s)
lumber and timber
define merchantilism
the belief that colonies existed essentially to serve the economic interests of the mother country by controlling the production of goods and trading patterns
what is salutary neglect
the British largely left the colonies to their own devices (3000 miles)
give 3 acts that were imposed under with merchantilism in mind
Woolen Act 1699 (forbade the exports of woolen yarn and cloth outside the colony)
Hat Act 1732 (prohibited the exports of colonial beaver hats)
Molassess Act 1733 (imposed a tax on molasses, sugar and rum imported from non-British foreign colonies into North American colonies)
give a statistic surrounding the imports and exports between American and Britain
by 1760s 1/3 of British imports and exports crossed the Atlantic
give 3 impacts of smuggling on Britain
British custom officials found themselves rich by bribe money
£700,000 per year brought into American colonies illegally
avoid paying tax= less money to the British government
what did the Woollen Act 1699 do
forbade the export of woollen yarn and cloth outside the colony in which it was produced
what did the hat act 1732 do
prohibited the export of colonial beaver hats
what did molasses act 1733 do
imposed a tax on molasses, sugar and rum was imported from non-British foreign colonies into North American colonies
what did the iron act 1750 do
banned the export of colonial iron outside of the empire which encouraged industry
give 3 ways that the economy was restricted
shipping (all goods going to and from the colonies had to be carried in ships built or owned in England and the colonies)
only English crews and ships
sugar, cotton, indigo, dyewoods, ginger and tobacco could only be exported to England even if their destination was elsewhere
give a statistic on economy growth
economy grew by 3.2% per year
why was North American trade the fastest growing sector of her entire international trade (2 points)
growing demand for American agricultural goods (more space and easiest source for imported what was America)
growing American demand for British manufactured goods (could not be made in the colonies and needed for the rapid growing colonial population)
name 3 crucial differences between american and British society
no titled nobility
A much larger percentage of the population were landowners
distinctions between social classes existed in America but were much weaker than in England and easier to cross social barriers
summarise religion in the American colonies (3 points)
church membership was high (especially in New England)
no dominant religion denomination in the colonies
500,000 Anglicans prodimately in New York
what is the great awakening (5 points)
wave of religious revivals swept through the colonies
popular preachers drew crowds
greater acceptance of groups
freedom to worship their own way
preachers included George Whitfield and Johnathon Edwards (went to towns and villages spreading gospel and broke away from established church)
summarise education in America (5 points)
colonial intellectual elite were influenced by the enlightenment
American philosphocal society founded in 1743
1763- 75% of white male adults could read (only 60% in England)
1763- 9 colleges and universities
1763- 30 newspapers
give 3 points that showed positive results of the relationships between the colonists and Native Americans
settlers shown how to grow crops
not a lot of competition for land
trading (beaver hats in return for manufactured goods)
give 5 points that showed negative results of the relationships between the colonists and Native Americans
British were wasteful with land so there was less land available for the Native Americans
diseases were spread (e.g. small pox) in some cases 90-95% of Native Americans killed
Proclamation Line in 1763 divided nations, 10,000 troops on boarder, many Native Americans killed
greedy and exclusive land owning British attitudes
Native Americans were allies with the French in the 7 year war
summarise the Albany Congress
June 1754
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (ended the war of Austrian succession)
British and French carried on fighting for the Ohio Valley
went to Native Americans for support (colonies from the Iroquois tribe)
Albany congress failed (colonial assemblies refused to give up their sovereignty in favour of a united colonial government)
Franklin proposed a permanent inter colonial confederation (authority over Native American affairs, taxes for high defence support)
when were the years of The war of Austrian Succession
1740-1748
which nations fought in the Austrian succession
French
British
Spanish
Native Americans
Colonists
War of Austrian Succession- what role did the North Americans play in this war
reviewed the war as foreign war
wanted to fight French and Spanish as they loathed their Catholicism
most fighting was done by the colonial militia (colonists; french- 15:1)
War of Austrian succession- what were the outcomes
Treaty of Aix-la Chapelle
failed Albany Congress and a permanent colonial confederation established by Franklin
Fort Duquesne failed
summarise Fort Duquesne
Virginia planters formed Ohio Company and received 20,000 acres of land from the British Army in the Trans- Allegheny region
French were building forts there (e.g. Fort Duquesne)
Virginian force led by Washington was hired to prevent the French building forts
July 1754- Washington forced to surrender
Braddock sent with 20,000 troops but was killed in ambush (British vs French and Native Americans)
Native Americans devasted frontier settlement
7 years war- what nations fought in this war
French
British
Native Americans
7 years war- what part did the Americans take in the war
Fort Oswego in 1757 (captured by Montcalm)
Fort William Henry in 1757 (captured by Montcalm)
7 years war- give 3 outcomes of the war for the British
Hawke retook Quiberon on bay in France (stops French imports into America)
3 pronged attack on Canada (capture of Quebec by Wolfe in September 1759)
captured Guadelope in Caribbean
7 years war- how did it affect relations between the British government and American settlers
gave reigning to the men who would become senior officers in the American army
Americans thought British were incompenent and Americans were thought as being a rabble
British triumph prepared for the American Revolution
what was the treaty called which concluded the 7 year war
Treaty of Paris
summarise the treaty of Paris
1763
Amherst took Monredi
capture of Canada was complete
British took French possessions from France (east of the Mississippi)
Britian took French Caribbean Islands
Britain took Florida from Spain
summarise why William Pitt was a reason why Britain able to defeat the French in the 7 years war (5 points)
had strong control over policy and administration (3 pronged attack and in Caribbean)
employed the most aggressive commanders in America (25,000 troops under Amherst and Wolfe)
gained support of the colonists and made them equal to the British soldiers (increased pay)
made the crown pay for equipment and provisions and made them employ 45,000 troops by 1758
proposed the Militia Act 1757 (local militias protect British from French in England so the army could focus fighting the French in America)
summarise why the importance of Native Americans made Britain win the 7 year war (2 points)
British became friendly with them and supplied them with goods
at the start they supported the French (e.g. attacked frontier settlements)
summarise why the importance of the colonists’ role made the British win the 7 year war (2 points)
Pitts policy of financial commitment and alliance between British troops and colonists led to enuthsiasm and patriotism
did not fight but built roads and forts
summarise why the importance of the navy’s role made the British win the 7 year war (5 points)
Hawke won the Quiberon (French can’t send supplies to America)
Quebec taken due to 18,000 sailors and 100 ships (1759)
ships patrolled English Channel for French ships going to North America
British navy was stronger than the French or Spanish
Pitt increased the size of the navy
summarise why finances led to the British winning the 7 year war (2 points)
Pitt paid Frederick the Great of Prussia to attack the French making the French unable to send reinforces to North America
growing economy meant that it could support the war effort and provide financial resources if needed
what were the years of the 7 year war
May 1756-1763
give 5 pieces of evidence to show that the British were successful in the 7 year war
naval supremacy- Battle of Quiberon, stopped the imports into America for the French
re-capture of Louisbourg (1754) led to the access to to the Saint Lawrence river, which led to the starting point to capture Quebec and Fort Prince was built to protect the new colony by Loyal land Company
Fort Gaspereau and Beauseur captured during the capture of Nova Scotia, led to 14,000 Arcadians being displaced
the colonists were no longer afraid about the French attacks anymore
expanison into Ohio Valley meant that a good relationship between Native Americans and British were encouraged
give 5 pieces of evidence to show that the British were unsuccessful in the 7 year war
not made mends with the Native Americans sooner than the French (led to many conflicts after the Austrian Succession war, frontier settlements attacked)
Albany congress 1754
failed to take back fort Duquesne
Washington failed to take back forts in Ohio Valley
tensions between British and American (civil administeration was inexperienced)
give 5 pieces of evidence to show that there was a weakening relationship between Britain and Americans
mixing of identities led to a new identity being created (American)
aware of their economic strength, economic ties brought colonies together
after the 1763 peace settlement Americans didn’t need to depend on the British for protection against the French (reduced relations)
mercantilism
colonies ran their own affairs
give 5 pieces of evidence to show that there was a strong relationship between Britain and American
‘American’ could be seen as more of a geographical term rather than an identity
custom service and post office were British
most Americans were loyal to Britain (7 year war- 25,000 Americans had joined the military to fight against the French)
in 1763 majority didn’t predict the Americans splitting from Britain
The British imperial system was quite easy going compared to other colonist nations, as the Americans were subjects to the degree of authority
