Development Of Attachment Flashcards
Define stranger anxiety
Distress shown by infants when in the presence of an infantilise individual
Define seperation anxiety
Distress shown by infants when seperated from caregiver
Emerson and Schaffer procedure (1964)
Visited 60 Scottish mothers every 4 weeks. Mothers asked to report infants response to separation and stranger situations.
Stage 1
Name?
Age?
Features?
ASOCIAL
0-2 months
Behaviour towards humans and object is similar.
Prefer familiar adults.
Happier in human presence.
Stage 2
Name?
Age?
Features?
INDISCRIMINATE
2 - 7 months
More social, prefer people.
Recognise and prefer familiar faces.
Do not show stranger or separation anxiety.
Stage 3
Name?
Age?
Features?
SPECIFIC
7 months
Form specific attachment with primary attachment figure.
They display stranger and seperation anxiety.
Stage 4
Name?
Age?
Features?
MULTIPLE ATTACHMENTS
8 months +
Infants develop secondary attachments. Display separation anxiety.
STRENGTH: high external validity
Babies observed by parents during ordinary activities. Natural, unaffected behaviours.
STRENGTH: high internal validity.
Longitudinal study means no confounding variables of individual differences.
LIMITATION: doesn’t distinguish between relationships.
Bowlby (1969) stated that children are distressed when playmate leaves, however this doesn’t signify an attachment.
Schaffer fails to distinguish between attachment figure and playmate.
LIMITATION: conflictive timing of multiple attachments
Bowlby (1969) said primary attachments form before secondary attachments.
Ijzendoon (1993) said in collectivist cultures multiple attachments form from the beginning.
LIMITATION: only appear asocial.
Babies only appear to be asocial due to poor co ordination and immobility. Difficult to judge.
