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iGCSE Psychology > Development - key Words > Flashcards

Development - key Words Flashcards

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1
Q

Brain

A

the organ in your head made up of nerves that processes information and controls behaviour

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2
Q

Forebrain

A

: the anterior part of the brain, including the hemispheres and the central brain structures

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3
Q

Midbrain

A

: the middle section of the brain forming part of the central nervous system

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4
Q

Hindbrain

A

the lower part of the brain that includes the cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata

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5
Q

Anterior

A

directed towards the front, when used in relation to our biology

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6
Q

Posterior

A

directed towards the back, when used in relation to our biology

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7
Q

Cerbellum

A

an area of the brain near to the brainstem that controls motor movements (muscle activity)

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8
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

connects the upper brain to the spinal cord and controls automatic responses

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9
Q

Involuntary reponse

A

: a response to a stimulus that occurs without someone making a conscious choice. They are automatic, such as reflexes

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10
Q

Neural connections

A

links formed by messages passing from one nerve cell (neuron) to another

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11
Q

Cognitive

A

thinking, including problem-solving, perceiving, remembering, using language and reasoning

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12
Q

Operations

A

how we reason and think about things

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13
Q

Object permanence

A

: knowing something exists even if it is out of sight

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14
Q

Symbolic play

A

children play using objects and ideas to represent other objects and ideas

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15
Q

Egocentrism

A

unable to see the world from any other viewpoint but one’s own

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16
Q

Animism

A

believing that objects that are not alive can behave as if they are alive

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17
Q

Centration

A

: focusing on one feature of a situation and ignoring other relevant features

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18
Q

Irreversibility

A

not understanding that an action can be reversed to return to the original state

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19
Q

Morality

A

: general principles about what is right and wrong, including good and bad behaviour

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20
Q

Scheme/schemata(s) (development)

A

mental representations of the world based on one’s own experiences. The plural of schema is ‘schemata’ though ‘schemas’ can also be used and is more common.

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21
Q

Adaptation

A

using assimilation and accommodation to make sense of the world

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22
Q

Assimilation

A

incorporating new experiences into existing schemas

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23
Q

Accomodation

A

when a schema has to be changed to deal with a new experience

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24
Q

Equilibrium

A

when a child’s schemas can explain all that they experience; a state of mental balance

25
Q

Subjective

A

based on personal opinion or feelings

26
Q

Validity

A

when the results of a study represent the situation they are testing (in real life)

27
Q

Mindset

A

a set of beliefs someone has that guides how someone responds to or interprets a situation

28
Q

Ability

A

what someone can do, such as maths ability or ability to play tennis. Dweck suggests ability can be seen as either fixed and innate or as able to be improved

29
Q

Effort

A

when you try to do better using determination

30
Q

Fixed mindset

A

believing your abilities are fixed and unchangeable

31
Q

Growth mindset

A

believing practice and effort can improve your abilities

32
Q

Working memory

A

has different parts for processing information
coming in from our senses, including visual and sound data, and also involves a decision-making part.

33
Q

Short-term memory

A

our initial memory store that is temporary and limited

34
Q

Rehearse

A

repeat information over and over to make it stick

35
Q

Long-term memory

A

a memory store that holds potentially limitless amounts of information for up to a lifetime

36
Q

Motor skills

A

actions that involve muscles and brain processes, resulting in movement

37
Q

Decentration

A

being able to separate yourself from the world and take different views of a situation, so not being egocentric

38
Q

Social learning

A

learning by observing and copying others

39
Q

Self-regulation

A

limiting and controlling yourself without influence from others

40
Q

Nature

A

explanations of behaviour that focus on innate factors (the things we are born with)

41
Q

Nurture

A

explanations of behaviour that focus on environmental factors (the things that happen to us)

42
Q

Qualitative data

A

data that is descriptive, not numbers, such as
words or pictures

43
Q

Reliability

A

the consistency of an outcome or result of an
investigation (a measure)

44
Q

Framework

A

a basic understanding of ideas and
facts that is used when making decisions

45
Q

Person praise

A

someone praises the individual rather than what they are doing

46
Q

Process praise

A

someone praises what is being done, not the individual

47
Q

Entity theory/motivational framework

A

a belief that behaviour or ability results from a person’s nature

48
Q

Incremental theory/motivational framework

A

a belief that effort drives behaviour and ability, which can change

49
Q

Ecological validity

A

the extent to which the findings still
explain the behaviour in real life situations

50
Q

Ethics

A

moral principles about how someone should behave in a society

51
Q

Debrief

A

after an investigation, participants are given full disclosure of the study

52
Q

Generalisability

A

the extent to which the results of a study represent the whole population, not just the sample used.

53
Q

Morals

A

standards of right and wrong behaviour that can differ between cultures and can depend on the situation

54
Q

Moral development

A

children’s growing understanding about right and wrong

55
Q

Heteronomous

A

rules put into place by others

56
Q

Autonomous

A

rules can be decided by the individual person

57
Q

Norms

A

society’s values and customs, which a person in that society would be governed by

58
Q

Nativist theories

A

theories that view morality as part of human nature

59
Q

Moral identity

A

someone’s commitment to morals

iGCSE Psychology (2 decks)

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