Development in children

Question 1

Principles of development

Answer 1

1. Development occurs in a predictable and orderly way
2. Development is continual
3. There are variations in rates and timing of development
4. Development follows predictable patterns
   Development goes from the simple to complex

Question 2

Cephalocaudal development

Answer 2

Development occurs from the head down

Question 3

Proximotistal development

Answer 3

Development occurs from the centre of the body outwards.

Question 4

What is a neonate?

Answer 4

For the first 28 days, the baby is known as a neonate

Question 5

What happens to the infant’s body systems after birth? (adaptations of the neonate)

Answer 5

Lungs: First breath will prompts bloodstream to absorb amniotic fluid
Excretory organs: release a dark sticky like substance
Receives colustrum from mother, rich in antibodies

Question 6

What does apgar stand for?

Answer 6

Activity, pulse, grimace, appearance, respiration

Question 7

Physical development in infants

Answer 7

• Weight doubles by 6 months
• Body proportion changes
• Senses developing and the infant soon starts to recognise familiar faces
• By the first year, the infant can support its own weight.
• Reflexes present at birth are gradually replaced by controlled movements
• Around 6 months crawling may occur
• By the age of one many infants can stand and walk

Question 8

social development in infants

Answer 8

• Beginning to smile (6 weeks)
• 6 months can recognise others facial expressions
• Enjoy games such as peekaboo around 6 months of age
• Social skills such as sharing and learning to play
• Begins to learn culturally acceptable behaviours such as not hitting and listening to others
• Social roles such as parenting and employment
• Gender roles such as playing with dolls or trucks

Question 9

Emotional development in infants

Answer 9

• attachment with caregivers which helps build love and trust capabilities
• Fear when confronted to unfamiliar things such as a dog
• 8 months the infant can express anger and happiness
• May become frustrated if interrupted in their activities
• Throwing tantrums
• 12 months, infant becomes sensitive to approval from parents

Question 10

Intellectual development in infants

Answer 10

• Collects information by putting objects in mouth
• Within months, the infant can recognise its name and respond when called

Word object association develops and the infant can recognise the names of people toys or other objects.

• Infants can then start to associate activities with particular outcomes
• Short attention span
  Can make speech like sounds and development of speech occurs rapidly following, with 150-300 words being spoken by the end of infancy.

Question 11

Age of infancy

Answer 11

0-2 yrs

Question 12

Age of early childhood

Answer 12

3-6 years old

Question 13

Physical development in E.C

Answer 13

• Slow & steady growth
  
  • Bones continue to lengthen and ossify
  • Body-fat levels decrease
  • Loss of baby teeth and adult teeth development
  • Motor skill development occurs at rapid rate, walking becomes more fluid and refined
  • Kicking and catching skills start to develop
  • Child learns fine motor skill and can learn to manipulate zippers on clothing or hold crayons
    Hand preference establishe

Question 14

social development in E.C

Answer 14

• Family is primary social contact
  
  • Child will begin participating in a wider range of routines such as social events
  • Communication skills and acceptable social behaviours increase as a result.
  • Attending playgroup, kindergarten or childcare centres
  • Sharing and taking turns
  • Becomes accustomed to spending short time away from family
  • Child may start to want to do things themselves such as dressing
  • Behave in a way which brings attention to them

Question 15

emotional development in E.C

Answer 15

• Begins to develop a sense of empathy
• May still use physical violence to express frustration
• Children take pride in their achievements
• May become jealous when another child receives attention
  Can switch from being happy to being upset quickly

Question 16

Intellectual development in E.C

Answer 16

• Rapid learning of new words
  
  • Begins to question things
  • Attention span lengthens
  • Can remember to follow basic instructions
    Learn to write basic letters and read basic books

Question 17

Age of late childhood

Answer 17

6-12 years old

Question 18

Physical development in L.C

Answer 18

• Slow and steady
  
  • Bones and muscles continue to grow
  • Height continues to increase
  • Permanent teeth development
  • Greater control over motor skills
    Body proportion begins resembling adults

Question 19

social development in L.C

Answer 19

• Have numerous social contacts outside family
  
  • Social skills such as sharing, communication and conflict resolution
  • Friendships are usually between members of same sex
  • Increased importance of being accepted by others and may modify their behaviour to gain approval
    Developing a sense of what is right and wrong

Question 20

Emotional development in L.C

Answer 20

• Being able to identify emotions of others better in this stage
  
  • More skilled in conveying their emotions in words, not tantrums
  • Increased control of emotions
  • Self-concept

Question 21

Intellectual development in L.C

Answer 21

• At the beginning of the stage can follow basic instructions and arrange things according to size or numerical order
  
  • Follow instructions with multiple steps
  • Problem solving skills develop
  • Knowledge of language increases
  • Reading skills develop
  • Increased attention span increased
  • Long term memory develops

Question 22

Risks in developing asthma

Answer 22

Maternal smoking

air pollution

Question 23

Obesity

Answer 23

Children who are overweight or obese in childhood are more likely to be that way in adulthood which can lead to a development in diseases.

Question 24

biological determinants

Answer 24

Genetics
Determines the rate and timing of development
Sex of child
Development of genetic conditions
Predisposition to diseases
Birth weight
Low birth weight can lead to serious complications and can be an indicator of when a baby is not developed properly
Body weight
Maintenance of a healthy weight is important for the overall health and development of a child

Question 25

Behavioral determinants (choose 1)

Answer 25

Breast feeding
Provides the nutrients essential for development and also antibodies to fight off any infections. Promotes emotional and social attachment of mother and baby.

Eating habits
At 6 months, the infant is ready to try new foods and require more nutrients that breastmilk provides. Starting with a special rice cereal and gradually introduce new foods such as pureed fruit and vegetables
Oral hygiene

Brushing teeth twice daily prevents gum disease and ensures the health of gums and teeth
Vaccination

Children are protected against a range of diseases, herd immunity

Question 26

Physical environment

Answer 26

Tobacco smoke in the home
Can cause:
- Reduced immunity
- Increased risk of asthma or other respiratory conditions
- Slower lung growth
- Possible development of childhood cancers
Housing environment
Usually houses are a safe shelter that is clean and protects children from the outside environment. Some families however have to live in overcrowded areas due to low income