Development Geography Flashcards
Standard of living
The material well-being of a person
-value of possession and savings
Quality of life
The general well-being of a person (includes standard of living)
Demographic transition
Series of changes in population structure as the economy develops (e.g. birth rate and death rate)
Primary activities
Extraction of raw materials.
Secondary activities
Processing of raw materials
Tertiary activities
Services industry. Tangible products not made.
Quaternary Economic Activities
Research and development needed to produce products from raw materials (info and expertise)
Quinary Economic Activities
Highest level of decision making in society/economy.
Economic development
Income levels associated with different kinds of work that people do.
Social development
Measures personal details/factors that affect people’s lives.
NIC
Newly Industrialised Countries
LEDC
Less economically developed countries
MEDC
More economically developed countries.
Development
is the improvement in standard of living, quality of life & general well-being of a country as its wealth increases.
Evidence of development can be seen by: (4)
More children at school
Fewer illiterate people
Doctors and nurses accessible to more people
Better access to clean, safe water
Notable improvements in developing countries (2)
Infant mortality dropped
Life expectancy increased
Economic development refers to
Income levels
Social development
The provision of essential services such as education, training, healthcare and quality of life
Sustainable development
Meeting the needs of present population without compromising future generation’s opportunities.
Technology is considered appropriate if it: (8)
Suits local people and environment
Does not impose western ideology
Addresses basic human needs
Materials are sustainable
Appropriate to culture of the community
Makes daily tasks simple
Does not use excessive resources
Improves standard of living
GDP
Total market value of all goods and services produced for final use in a country in a year
GDP per capita
Total value of all goods and services produced for final use in a country in a year divided by the total population
GNP
Considers workers and capital spent by citizens of a nation, regardless of where they live.
PPP
A level of GNP adjusted to local cost of living
PQLI (Physical Quality of Life Index)
Average of 3 variables: literacy, life expectancy, infant mortality rate
HDI (Human Development Index)
Economic and social development on a scale of 0-1 (GDP per capita, level of education and life expectancy)
Gini coefficient
A global standard for calculating income disparity.
Limited due to a lack of data.
LE (life expectancy)
Average lifespan (years)
IMR (Infant mortality rate)
Number of infant (under age 1) deaths per 1000 live births per annum
Resource factors effecting development (3)
Access to resources
(poor countries-tropics: hot, soil less fertile, water scarce) (Europe and North America-temperate, good rainfall and fertile land)
Energy
(energy consumption increasing rapidly, large populations consume more energy) (increasing prices and environmental awareness mean that power generation industries have become efficient)
Natural resource limitation
(First countries to become industrialised had large amounts of own accessible fossil fuels) (lack of natural resources deter development)
Cultural and social factors affecting development
Education and training
Political factors effecting development (2)
Trade imbalances
(Poorer countries export lower value raw materials) (Richer countries export higher value manufactured goods)
Historical and political factors
(Obstacle to development-war corruption) (infrastructure destroyed war)
Environmental degradation
Cycle of underdevelopment is perpetuated by the poor management of natural resources.
Rural and urban communities-based development
Community driven
Alleviates poverty and vulnerability
Sustainable development
Capacity building
Long-term economic development
Community empowerment
Increase access to market
Focus on disaster preparedness
International trade
The exchange of goods and services between countries
Exports
Goods and services sold to another country
Imports
Goods and services bought from another country
Trade surplus
Result when income from exports is greater than cost of imports
Tariffs
Taxes that increase the price of imported products
Quotas
Restriction on the number of foreign products that can enter a country
Trade embargoes
Restrictions on imports/exports with a particular country
Trading groups
Trading blocs is set up to control trade-a group of countries that trade with each other
Economies of scale
When the cost of products drop as the quantity of goods increases
Influences on international trade
Countries protect their economies by imposing tariffs and quotas on foreign goods.
WTO tries to promote trade by removing these restrictions.
Trading groups/blocs eg European Union promote free trade amount their membership and reduce the effectiveness of foreign competition.
Countries have different trade relationships to protect their own economies.
Free trade
No restriction to more goods and services - specialisation, mass production, lower prices, goodwill and cooperation.
Trade barriers
Import regulations, permits, packaging laws, quality standards, tariffs quotas
Subsidies
Government support given to a business/economy sector for producers to prevent price increases to encourage exports/job creation.
Fair trade
A way of doing business that ensures producers in LEDCs receive a fair deal and are not exploited.
Globalisation
Increasing interconnected was and independence between countries
Due to better transport, communication and trade links
Positive consequences of globalisation (5)
Information, knowledge and expertise shared.
International standards for services such as health, education improve.
Stimulates production, trade and economic growth.
Trade between countries is easier so greater variety of goods is available to consumers.
Provides a bigger range of markets for products.
Negative consequences of globalisation (6)
Undermines a country’s identity
Loss of employment in manufacturing sector
Local economies may be more vulnerable to fast changes
Increases centralisation of power in hands of transnational corporations
Environmental damage and exploitation of labour in less developed countries
Trade still controlled by quotas, duties, tariffs usually benefit MEDC countries.
Transnational corporations/ multinational companies
A large corporation that produces and seeks good services in a number of countries. E.g. Nestle, Toyota, Apple, Amazon
Discrimination
The unfair treatment of a certain group of people
Resources
The natural and economic asserts enjoyed by a country
Marginalised
People excluded from the economic mainstream of society
Industrial development zones (IDZs)
Purpose built industrial estates linked to an international airport/seaport
Spatial development initiative (SDI)
An areas where social-economic conditions require concentrated government assistance and where inherent economic potential exists.
Parastatals
A company/agency owned or controlled partly/wholly by the government e.g. Eskom, SABC, Telkom
What does education beyond yeh years of school lead to?
Low fertility, improved infant survival, improved levels of infant mortality and child development and education.
How are women discriminated against (6)
Denied ownership of property.
Denied access to wealth, education and family planning.
Denied equality in justice and employment.
Kept subordinate by being given inferior positions.
Subjected to violence.
Denied political influence.
Air pollution cause and effects:
Cause:
Burning fossil fuels
Effects:
Global warming and acid rain
Water pollution cause and effects:
Cause:
Discharge of untreated industrial, agricultural/domestic waste
Effects:
Polluted water harms people, plants, animal life
Land pollution cause and effects:
Cause:
Dumping refuse, builder rubble, poor agricultural practices and mining.
Effects:
Health hazards, degradation of environment and ecosystems, resource strain.
Aid
The transfer of money/goods from wealthier nations to poor nations
Development aid
Aid given to government and other agencies to support economic, social and political development of developing countries.
Development cooperation
The ability of countries across the world to work together to solve problems like hunger/famine, environmental destruction, social needs etc.
Types of aid (3)
Technical aid
Conditional aid
Humanitarian aid
Technical aid
Helping people with better technology to improve productivity
Conditional aid
Given with specific responsibilities that have to be met
Humanitarian aid
Material/logistical assistance provided for humanitarian purposes-usually in response to a humanitarian crises.
Aid is effective when it:
Contributes to training of personnel and builds technical expertise
Provides humanitarian relief and assists rebuilding after disaster
Encourages industrial development, creates jobs, improves infrastructure
Supports better economic and social policies
Provides resources for investments
Supports countries to develop their natural resources and power supplies
Provides projects that develop clean water, and improved standards of living
Aid is ineffective when
It is not free but a loan.
Aid doesn’t reach people who need it most-corruption.
Projects run by foreign companies-profits/resources go back to donor country.
Tied to purchase of goods from donor country.
Environmentally unsound and technologies are unsound.
Aid is ineffective when
It is not free but a loan.
Aid doesn’t reach people who need it most-corruption.
Projects run by foreign companies-profits/resources go back to donor country.
Tied to purchase of goods from donor country.
Environmentally unsound and technologies are unsound.
