Development Dynamics Emerging Economy Case Study: India Flashcards
India in the world:
India is the second most populous nation in the planet (with 1.4 bil. people). It is also the 7th largest economy in the world. It has experienced rapid economic development since economic reforms in 1991, and has been grouped with other rapidly-emerging economies (the BRICS)
What is India’s site?
Large country located in South East Asia. The tropic of cancer runs straight through it.
What is India’s situation?
The west coast of India is on the Arabian Sea, whereas the Bay of Bengal and the Indian ocean can be found off to the east. North India shares it’s borders with Pakistan, Bangladesh and China.
What is India’s historical relationship with the UK?
India was once a British colony, and still has a close relationship with the UK.
What is India’s society and culture like?
India is the second most populous country in the world.
In 2018, life expectancy for women was 70.3 years and for men, 67.4 years.
The Indian film industry, which includes Bollywood, makes more than 1600 films a year, which are seen by over 2.7 billion people.
What are India’s politics like?
Member of the World Trade Organisation and the UN.
World’s largest democracy and a federal republic, made up of 29 states.
What is India’s environment like?
In the north are the foothills of the Himalayan Mountains, and in the south the upland Deccan Plateau. The River Ganges flows through the fertile floodplains in the north-east and out into the Bay of Bengal. The Thar Desert is also located in the north-east.
There are two monsoon seasons (north east monsoon and south east monsoon) these occur at different times within the overall monsoon season of June to October.
What is India’s environmental quality like?
In 2014, it was ranked 155th out of 178 countries on it’s environmental quality.
What is India’s economy like?
India is getting rapidly wealthier.
It has GDP of $3.2 trillion (GDP per capita is $2257) , and a GNI per capita of $7130.
(all from 2021)
There is huge economic inequality
How have India’s economic sectors changed with its development?
The manufacturing sector has rapidly expanded and has been encouraged by the government, which wants to make the country a manufacturing hub and create millions of jobs.
The secondary sector’s contribution to the economy has risen, while the contribution of the primary sector has fallen, leading to an increased migration from rural areas to urban areas, resulting in a more skilled workforce and reduced poverty.
Parts of India’s quaternary sector have grown rapidly, due to the telecommunications network. TNCs have contributed to this change.
What is the impact of globalisation in India?
The Indian government adopted a pro-FDI policy and opened up its markets to global trade. Foreign companies no longer had to pay high taxes on profits they made. The government reduced controls on how much money could be invested in India from abroad.
In 2005 many TNCs were investing in India (2nd only to china for the amount of FDI it received)
Telecommunications in India saw huge growth because of India’s history as a British colony, therefore English was a commonly spoken language there.
India used to receive ~$200 mil a year from UK in aid, but has been reduced because India has grown so much.
What are the demographic changes in India due to development?
Fertility rates have fallen from ~5.2 children per woman in 1971 to 2.3 in 2018. These happened as improvements to education, employment and healthcare increased.
Death rate per 1000 has fallen from 10.59 in 1991 to 7.31 in 2016.
What are the environmental impacts in due to India’s development?
Air pollution is a serious problem - 13 of the world’s top 20 most polluted cities are in India, with Delhi being number 1. This is due to a rapid increase in the number of vehicles.
Water pollution - Ganges is highly polluted, which is a major health risk. Pollution is due to untreated human sewage going into the sewers.
Rapid development leads to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions - India is the world’s 3rd largest emitter of co2 after China and USA, as India relies on mainly coal as it’s energy source.
What are the impacts on urbanisation and regional development due to India’s growth?
In 2018 1/3 of the population lived in urban areas, compared to only a 1/9 in 1901.
Urbanisation is driven by rural-urban migration; people leaving the countryside to find work in the cities. City growth is driven by the demand for more houses and jobs. India has two of the world’s largest cities, Mumbai and Delhi.
These changes have lead to socio-economic inequalities. In 2018 Goa (India’s richest state, a thriving tourist industry) had a GDP per capita that was 10 times higher than Bihar (India’s poorest state, rural, focused on farming).
How has international influence affected India’s development?
India has become less dependant on aid from the UK and USA.
India is a member of the G20; an influential group of the world’s top 20 most developed countries.
Its stronger economy means it became stronger militarily
