Development Dynamics Flashcards
What does GDP stand for
Gross domestic product
What is the GDP
The total value of goods and services a country produces in a year
What does HDI stand for
Human development index
What is the HDI
A number that is calculated using life expectancy, education level, and GDP per capita. Every country has a HDI value between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed)
Fertility rate
The average number of births per woman
Death rate
Number of deaths per 1000 people per year
Birth rate
Number of babies born per 1000 per year
Infant mortality rate
Number of babies who die before their first birthday per 1000 babies born
Doctors per 1000 of population
The number of working doctors per 1000 of the population
Literacy rate
Percentage of people who can read and write
Describe developing countries population pyramid
Higher fertility and birth rates
High death rate
Low life expectancy
Lots more children than older people - wide base which rapidly narrows
Why do developing countries have higher fertility and birth rates
No use of contraception
Why do people in developing countries have lots of children
Poor healthcare means that many infants die
Describe an emerging countries population pyramid
Base starts to narrow and the top starts to widen compared to developing countries
Why do emerging countries see their fertility rates fall
Meaning the use of contraception increases and more women work instead of having children
Women have a more equal place in society and a better education
Why does life expectancy increase in emerging countries
Better healthcare
More people of working age and there is a lower proportion of children
Describe the population pyramid of a developed country
The top of the pyramid widens further and the base gets narrower so the middle bulges out
There are lots more older people and the proportion of children decreases
Why are fertility rates low in emerging countries
Because people want possessions and a high quality of life and may have dependent elderly relatives so there is less money available for having children
Explain why life expectancy is high in developed countries
Good heath care, so the death rate is low
What affects how developed a country is
Health Colonialism and neo-colonialism Education Shape of land Climate Economic and political
How does climate affect how developed a country is
If a country has a poor climate (is really hot or really cold or really dry) not much will grow. Reducing the amount of food produced leading to malnutrition. People who are malnourished have a low quality of life.
Fewer crops to sell, so less money to spend on goods and services reducing the quality of life
How does the shape of land affect how developed a country is
If the land of a country is steep then it wont produce a lot of food. This has the same affect as poor climate
Landlocked countries limit the ability to trade
How does education affect how developed a country is
Educating produces a more skilled workforce meaning the country can produce more goods and offer more services. Bring money into the country through trade or investment
Educated people earn more so they pay more taxes, providing money that the country can spend on development
How does health affect how developed a country is
In poorer countries, lack of clean water and poor health care mean many people suffer from diseases such as cholera and malaria
People who are ill, cant work so theyre not contributing to the economy. May also need expensive medicine and health care
Lack of economic contribution and increased spending on health care means there’s less money to spend on development
How does colonialism affect how developed a country is
Countries that were colonised are often at a lower level of development when they gain independence than they would be if they had not been colonised
These countries become dependent on other countries leading to famine and malnutrition
How does neo-colonialism affect how developed a country is
After colonies gain independence, richer countries begin to control them indirectly. Eg. TNC’s exploit the cheap labour and raw materials of poorer countries
What does Rostows theory predict
How a country’s level of development changes over time
What does Rostow’s theory do
Describes how a country’s economy changes from relying mostly on primary industry through secondary industry to tertiary and quaternary industry
What is primary industry
Agriculture
What is secondary industry
Manufacturing goods
What is tertiary and quaternary industry
Services and research
What are the levels of development in Rostows theory
Traditional society Preconditions for take-off Take-off Drive to maturity Mass consumption
What is traditional society of Rostows theory
Subsistence based
Farming, fishing and forestry
Little trade
What is the preconditions take-off of Rostow’s theory
Manufacturing starts to develop
Infrastructure is built eg. Roads, power networks
International trading begins
What is take-off in Rostows theory
Rapid, intensive growth
Large scale industrialisation
Increasing wealth
What is drive to maturity in Rostow’s theory
Economy grows so people get wealthier
Standards of living rise
Widespread use of technology
What is mass consumption in Rostows theory
Lots of trade
Goods are mass produced
People are wealthy, so there are high levels of consumption
What does Frank’s dependency model suggest
That some poorer, weaker countries (the periphery) remain poor because they are dependent on the core countries (the ones that are richer and more powerful)
Example of Frank’s dependency model
Poor countries encouraged to plant crops for export and produce primary products to sell cheaply to richer countries. This means they need to import manufactured goods at higher cost from richer countries to provide for their own population.
What is globalisation
The process of all the world’s systems and cultures becoming more integrated
