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Geography > Development Dynamics > Flashcards

Development Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the human development index?

A

Life expectancy,
Adult literacy rate,
GDP/capita.

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2
Q

What could we measure to see how developed a country is?

A 
Maternal mortality,
Infant mortality,
GDP,
Birth rate,
Human development index,
Life expectancy,
Fertility rate,
Death rate,
Literacy rate.
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3
Q

Define literacy rate.

A

The percentage of adults that can read and write.

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4
Q

Define birth rate.

A

The number of live births per 1000 people per year.

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5
Q

Define infant mortality.

A

The number of of babies out of every 1000 born alive, who died before their first birthday.

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6
Q

Define death rate.

A

The number of deaths per 1000 people per year.

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7
Q

Define life expectancy.

A

The average age you can expect to live until.

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8
Q

Define GDP.

A

The total value of goods and services a country produces in a year, averaged to a person.

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9
Q

Define maternal mortality.

A

Number of female deaths per 100,000 live births per year.

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10
Q

The percentage of people with access to clean water is the definition to what key word?

A

Access to safe drinking water.

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11
Q

Doctors per 100,00 is what?

A

The number of doctors per 100,000 people in a country.

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12
Q

Define fertility rate.

A

The average number of children born per woman.

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13
Q

What is the corruption perception index?

A

The corruption perception index grades countries from ‘highly corrupt’ (0) to ‘very clean (100).

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14
Q

What does corruption mean?

A

Money is used to bribe. Formal rules are ignored.

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15
Q

How is population change measured in a country?

A

Birth rate + death rate = natural increase

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16
Q

Define natural increase.

A

Birth rate - death rate.

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17
Q

What is the population increase?

A

Where is the birth rate is bigger than the death rate.

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18
Q

What is population decline?

A

Where the death rate is bigger than the birth rate.

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19
Q

Why is there a high birth rate in developing countries?

A

Culture and religion,
High infant mortality,
Lack of contraception.

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20
Q

Why is there a lower birth rate in developed countries?

A

Children are expensive,
High levels of education,
Women increasingly having careers and age delaying having children.

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21
Q

Define colonialism.

A

Historical empire building by rich countries.

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22
Q

Define neo - colonialism.

A

Economical or social exploration of poor counties.

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23
Q

What is education?

A

Literacy,

Functional maths.

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24
Q

Define topography.

A

How mountainous or flat your land is.

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25
Q

What is government?

A

Who rules & makes politics.

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26
Q

What is international relations?

A

Trade & politics with other counties.

27
Q

Give examples of a developed country.

A 
High GDP,
Slow population growth,
Low mortality rates,
High levels of education,
Low birth rates,
Long life expectancy,
Huge influence on global affairs, 
UK.
28
Q

Give examples of an emerging country.

A

Lots of potential for innovation - particularly in renewable energy ( China 1st in world ),
Safe drinking water is more widespread and nutrition has improved,
Brazil,
Russia,
India,
China,
Dominant industrial sector & weaker agricultural sector,
Middle to high life expectancy,
Rising GDP,
Rapidly improving education,
Increase influence in global affairs,
Mortality rates have rapidly decreased,
Rapid economic growth & recent industrialisation ( moving away from agriculture).

29
Q

Give examples of a developing country.

A 
Poor nutrition,
Pack of clean safe drinking water,
Rapid population growth,
Lack of health care provision,
Low levels of education,
Dominant agricultural sector,
Low GDP,
Malawi,
High mortality rates,
Low life expectancy.
30
Q

Define Rostow’s theory.

A

Rostow’s theory became known as he said all countries will develop over time and will reach all five stages.

31
Q

Explain the first stage of Rostow’s theory.

A

STAGE 1 - the traditional society.

Most people work in agriculture, but produce little surplus.

32
Q

Explain the second stage of Rostow’s theory.

A

STAGE 2 - preconditions for take-off.

There’s a shift from farming to manufacturing. Trade increases profits, which are invested into new industries & infrastructure.

33
Q

Explain the third stage of Rostow’s theory.

A

STAGE 3 - take-off.

Growth is rapid. Investment & technology creates new industry. Overseas trade.

34
Q

Explain the forth stage of Rostow’s theory.

A

STAGE 4 - the drive to the maturity.

A period of growth. Industries produce consumer goods.

35
Q

Explain the firth & final stage of Rostow’s theory.

A

STAGE 5 - high mass consumption.

A period of comfort. Consumers enjoy a wide range of goods. Spending wealth.

36
Q

Using the Rostow theory, explain why societies develop over time. ( 6 marks )

A

BASIC ANSWERS ( 1-2 marks )

Include only limited detail of steps or stages but no explanation. Poor SPG.

GOOD ANSWERS ( 3-4 marks )

Use the structure of the model to explain at least one link between steps or stages. SPG is satisfactory.

EXCELLENT ANSWERS ( 5-6 marks )

Use the model to explain the links between two or more steps or stages, and use a good range of terminology and accurate SPG.

37
Q

Explain Frank’s dependancy model.

A

The theory suggests that low levels of development in popper counties (periphery) results from the control of the world economy by the rich countries (core).

38
Q

Rostow models are…..

A

The assumption that all counties start at all the same level of development.

Out of date & based on the 18th and 19th century development of European countries.

39
Q

Frank’s dependancy theory is……

A

Written in 1950s so it’s out of date.

Natural disasters, lack of resources, conflict are a few examples of things that may limit development.

40
Q

Explain the Clark Fisher model.

A

It’s a model that explains changes in employment structure as countries develop their economies.

41
Q

Examples of primary jobs.

A

Miner,
Farmer,
Gardener.

42
Q

Examples of secondary jobs.

A 
Car manufacturer,
Carpenter,
Artist,
Black smith,
Butcher.
43
Q

Examples of tertiary jobs.

A 
Police officer, 
Fireman,
Teacher,
Nurse,
Chef.
44
Q

Examples of quaternary jobs.

A

IT consultant,
University professor,
Financial manger.

45
Q

What does the Clark Fisher model tell us over time?

A

Employment, linking in with development.

46
Q

In the Clark Fisher model, LEDC’s are dominated by what production?

A

Primary.

47
Q

As economies develop and income rises the demand for what will increase ( Clark Fisher model ).

A

Agriculture and manufactured goods.

48
Q

How is India ( emerging country ) managing to develop?

A

CULTURALLY:
🔹The birth pals of four of the world’s religions; Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism.
🔹World’s largest film industry.

POLITICALLY:
🔹One of the founding members of the United Nations.
🔹672 million people registered to vote.

SOCIALLY:
🔹Population = 1.25 billion in 2015.
🔹40 million people living in slums.

ENVIRONMENTALLY:
🔹India is the world’s third greatest emitter of greenhouse gases.

49
Q

Why is Bihar trapped in poverty?

A

The poverty trap.

Little of no surplus on farm produce.
⬇️
Little or no income.
⬇️
No land investment, improvement, machinery or materials.
⬇️
Subsistence agriculture - only growing enough to feed yourself.

50
Q

Define globalisation.

A

Globalisation means the ways in which counties become increasingly connected to each other.

51
Q

Good benefits of globalisation….

A

More jobs in developing counties,
Technology boost in LEDC’s,
Cheap labour.

52
Q

Poor benefits of globalisation…..

A 
Low pay,
Long hours,
Forced labour,
Benefits only the wealthy counties,
Lack of people to farm.
53
Q

What is TNC?

A

T - trans
N - national
C - corporations

Many branches around the world such as:
Apple,
Adidas,
Nokia,
Coca Cola,
McDonalds.
54
Q

What are LEDC’s?

A

Less economically developed countries.

55
Q

What are MEDC’s?

A

More economically developed country.

56
Q

What is a knowledge economy?

A

Relies on skills, well - qualified people with high levels of technical knowledge.

57
Q

Define footloose.

A

Located anywhere.

58
Q

Define outsourcing.

A

Where a company moves services over seas.

59
Q

Explain the process is top down development.

A

Decision makers looking at the big picture to identify a need or opportunity.

Experts help to plan and its funded by inter - governmental organisations.

Local people are told about it but have no say whether it will happen or not.

60
Q

Explain the process of bottom up development.

A

Experts will work with the local communities to identify their needs.

Giving local people control in improving their lives.

Experts assist with the processes.

These are projects often use intermediate or appropriate technology.

61
Q

Define inter - governmental organisations.

A

World Bank International Monetary Fund. Rich counties working together.

62
Q

Why does Frank disagree with Rostow’s theory?

A

Poor counties can’t even get into the first stage so they will never develop/ move up the stages.

63
Q

Which of the following is the definition of ‘fertility rate’?

A - the average number of deaths per year
B - the average number of births per woman
C - the average number of times a woman marries
D - the average number of teenage mothers

A

B

Geography (2 decks)

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