development dynamics Flashcards
life expectancy
the average age to which a person lives
infant mortality rate
counts the number of babies per 1000 live births that die under the age of 1
poverty
indices count the percentage of people living below the poverty level, or on very small incomes
access to basic services
the availability of service nessacery for a healthy life, such as clean water and sanitation
access to healthcare
takes into account statistics such as how many doctors there are for every patient
risk of disease
calculates the percentage of people with diseases like aids, malaria and tuberculosis
access to education
measures how many people attend primary school, secondary school and higher education
literacy rate
the percentage of adults who can read and write
access to technololgy
includes statistics such as the percentage of people with access to phones, tv and the internet
male/female equality
compares statitics such as The literacy rates and employment between the sexes
government spending priorities
compares health and education expenditure with military expenditure and paying off debts
GDP
the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
GNP
measures the total economic output of a country, including earnings from foreign investments
GNP per capita
in a country GNP divided by its population
economic growth
measures the annual increase in GDP,GNP,GDP per capita, GNP per capita
inequality of wealth
unemployment
the number of people who cant find work
economic structure
shows the division of a countrys economy between primary, secondary, and teritiary industries
population pyramid
a bar chart arranged vertically , which shows the distribution of a population by age and sex
maternal mortality rate
the annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy related causes per 100,000 live births
TNC
trans national corporation
what makes it a TNC
-operates in 2 or more countries
-heirachal organisation
-HQ often in origin country
-production centers over seas
-might have regional HQs as tey grow
an example of a TNC
-BT (british telecommunications)
positive impacts of TNCs on india
negative impacts of TNCs on india
development
a process that crates growth, progress positive change or the addition of physical, economic, environmental, social, and demographic components
low income country
a country with very low human development
high income country
a country with very high human development
newly emerging country
a country with medium human development
gini coefficient
measures the extent to which distribution of income is unequal in a country. it is given a value between 0-1 where 0 indicates everyone has equal income whilst 1 would show that just 1 person in the country has all the money
corruption perception index
grades countries from 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean) UK is ranked 78. the most corupt countries are somalia and north korea with a score of 8
what do you need to look for when reading a population pyramid
-the shape of the pyramids
-the highest/lowest age groups
-reasons for the different shapes
what does it mean if a population pyramid is concaved
-migrating away due to not enough jobs
-dying at a younger age due to bad healthcare
what does it mean if a population pyramid is covect
-migrating in to the country because there’s better healthcare/education in the country or it has more job opportunities
-used to be a large birth rate
explain one factor that causes the fertility rate to vary so much around the world [2]
access to contraception. for example family planning, if access to contraception is good then women are less likely to get pregnant and it will reduce the fertility rate
what is the first stage of rostows modernisation theory?
the traditional society: based on substinence; farming, fishing, forestry and some mining e.g. UK in the middle ages
what is the second stage of rostows modernisation theory?
pre-conditions for take-off: building infrastructure that is needed before development can take place e.g. transport network, money from farming, power supplies and communications. e.g. UK in the 1750s
what is the third stage of rostows modernisation theory?
take-off: introduction and rapid growth (industrial revolution) of manufacturing industries, better infrastructure, financial investment, and culture change. e.g UK in the 1820s
what is the fourth stage of rostows modernisation theory?
drive to maturity: new ideas and technology improve and replace older industries, economic growth spreads throughout the country. e.g. UK in 1850s
what is the fifth stage of rostows modernisation theory?
high mass consumption: people have more wealth and so buy more services and goods (consumer society) welfare systems are fully developed, trade expands. e.g. UK since 1940
