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geography paper 1 > development dynamics > Flashcards

development dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

how do winds blow?

A

from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

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2
Q

2 types of winds

A
  • westerlies
  • trade winds
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3
Q

how do trade winds blow

A

blow towards the equator

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4
Q

how do westerlies blow

A

blow towards poles

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5
Q

3 types of global circulation cells

A
  • Hadley cells
  • Ferrel cells
  • Polar cells
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6
Q

what came first Quaternary period or the Neogene period

A

Neogene

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7
Q

How long did the Neogene period last

A

21.4 million years

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8
Q

how long did the Quaternary period?

A

2.588 million years

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9
Q

what periods where inside the Quaternary period?

A
  • interglacial
  • glacial
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10
Q

how long did the interglacial period last ?

A

about 10,000 years

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11
Q

How long did the glacial period last ?

A

about 100,000 years

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12
Q

Evidence for Climate Change?

A
  • tree rings
  • ice cores
  • historical evidence (paintings)
  • pollen
  • temperature
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13
Q

How to find evidence of climate in ice cores?

A
  • each year new layers of ice sheets appear.
  • examining each layer can show climate.
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14
Q

how are tree rings evidence of climate change?

A
  • new rings form on trees each year
  • the thicker the ring , the greater the conditions
    (temperature and wet climate)
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15
Q

what can old pollen be preserved in ?

A
  • sediment
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16
Q

what features of the rings are useful to scientists?

A
  • thickness of rings
  • number of rings
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17
Q

how many degrees has earth warmed since 1880?

A

0.8

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18
Q

notable periods in the UK?

A
  • little ice age
  • medieval warm period
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19
Q

what was the time period for the medieval warm period?

A

950 - 1100AD

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20
Q

Why did scientists say temp increased?

A

increase in solar activity, decrease in volcanic activity

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21
Q

The UK’s 4 regions

A
  • North west : mild winter, cool summers
  • South east : cold winters, warm summers
  • North east : cold winters, cool summers
  • South west - mild winters, warm summers
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22
Q

natural factors for climate change

A
  • orbital change
  • asteroid collisions
  • volcanic activity
  • solar output variation
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23
Q

volcanic activity

A

major volcanic eruptions can change composition of earth

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24
Q

solar output variation

A

when output is low, climate would cool

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25
Q

Asteroid collision

A

when asteroids collide with the earth, huge amounts of dust thrown into atmosphere

26
Q

orbital change

A

the closer to the sun, the more solar radiation it is exposed to

27
Q

Milankovitch cycle

A

earth changes orbit from circular to eliipitcal to circular
- in span of 96,000 years

28
Q

what components of farming emits methane?

A
  • rice paddies
  • degestive system of cows
28
Q

human activities increasing concentration of greenhouse gases

A
  • transport
  • agriculture
  • industry
  • energy
  • deforestation
  • burning fossil fuels
  • cement production
29
Q

which region reflects greatest proportion of radiation?

A

Antarctica
- white surface

29
Q

main sources humans are cause of climate change

A
  • declining arctic ice
  • global temp rise
  • sea level rise and warming oceans
  • increased extreme weather events
30
Q

greenhouse effect

A
  • sun emits short wave length towards earth
  • earth absorbs some radiation, long wavelength reflected back
  • greenhouse gases can’t absorb frequency of radiation
  • gases re-radiate energy
  • temp rises
31
Q

effect of climate change on environment?

A
  • changing distribution of species
  • melting ice
  • sea surface temp rises
  • reduction in biodiversity
  • changing weather patterns
32
Q

effect of climate change on people

A
  • more extreme weather events
  • more deaths due to heat
  • problems with water availability
  • loss of coastal areas
  • lower crop yield
33
Q

tropical cyclone

A
  • spin caused by earth’s rotation
  • form over warm water
  • move west near equator
34
Q

main features

A
  • circular shape
  • 100’s of kilometres wide
  • lasts 1- 2 weeks
35
Q

3 main regions of a tropical cyclone

A
  • eye
  • eyewall
  • edges
36
Q

physical hazards

A
  • intense rainfall
  • storm surges
  • high winds
  • coastal flooding
  • landslides
37
Q

impact on people

A
  • cuts of electricity supplies
  • food shortages
  • makes hard for aid to arrive
38
Q

Bangladesh (case study)

A
  • much of population is rural
  • increasesd surface run off
  • unplanned settlements have been built on low-lying land
  • GDP is low, less able to invest
39
Q

Bangladesh attempts to protect population

A
  • forecasting
  • satellite tech
  • warning system
  • evacuation strategies
  • surge defences
40
Q

USA ( case study)

A

Primary impacts
- May 2009
- Cyclone Aila killed 190 people and made 750,000 homeless
Secondary impacts
- crops destroyed
- farm animals killed
- sickness spread from contaminated water

41
Q

divergent plate boundary

A
  • plates move apart
  • gap causes magma to rise
42
Q

Preparation

A
  • forecastin
  • satellite tech
  • warnings
  • evacuation systems
  • storm surge defences
43
Q

convergent plate boundary

A
  • plates slide under each other
  • oceanic slides underneath continentsl
    stuck, pressure builds
  • causes eathquake
44
Q

conservative plate boundary

A
  • plates slide past each other
  • in opposite directions
    or same direction but at different speeds
45
Q

what is the point where tectonics meet

A

plate boundary

46
Q

where do volcanoes happen?

A
  • divergent
  • convergent
  • hotspots
47
Q

types of volcanoes

A
  • composite
  • shield
48
Q

characteristics of a composite volcano

A
  • found at convergent boundaies
  • erupt explosively
  • produce a lot of gas
  • produce a lot of lava
49
Q

characteristics of shield volcano

A
  • found at divergent and hotspots
  • not very explosive
  • don’t produce ash
50
Q

difference in shield and composite

A
  • composite has andesitic lava
  • shield have basaltic flow
51
Q

developing country pyramid

A
  • base is wide (birth rate is high)
  • middle is narrower, infant mortality is higher , life expectancy is lower
52
Q

emerging country pyramid

A
  • base is narrower, more women have better education and contraception
  • top is wider as life expectancy and quality of healthcare is higher
53
Q

phycical facors affecting development

A
  • landlocked, don’t have access to see when most trade is done by sea
  • infertile farmland, low food production leads to death by starvation
  • climate, if too hot or cold it’s difficult to grow crops
  • steep topography, bad for farming , transport goods & restricts trade
53
Q

developed country pyramid

A
  • top is wider, healthy lifestyle
  • quality of life and healthcare is higher
54
Q
A
55
Q
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56
Q
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57
Q
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58
Q
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59
Q
A

geography paper 1 (2 decks)

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