development dynamics Flashcards
how do winds blow?
from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
2 types of winds
- westerlies
- trade winds
how do trade winds blow
blow towards the equator
how do westerlies blow
blow towards poles
3 types of global circulation cells
- Hadley cells
- Ferrel cells
- Polar cells
what came first Quaternary period or the Neogene period
Neogene
How long did the Neogene period last
21.4 million years
how long did the Quaternary period?
2.588 million years
what periods where inside the Quaternary period?
- interglacial
- glacial
how long did the interglacial period last ?
about 10,000 years
How long did the glacial period last ?
about 100,000 years
Evidence for Climate Change?
- tree rings
- ice cores
- historical evidence (paintings)
- pollen
- temperature
How to find evidence of climate in ice cores?
- each year new layers of ice sheets appear.
- examining each layer can show climate.
how are tree rings evidence of climate change?
- new rings form on trees each year
- the thicker the ring , the greater the conditions
(temperature and wet climate)
what can old pollen be preserved in ?
- sediment
what features of the rings are useful to scientists?
- thickness of rings
- number of rings
how many degrees has earth warmed since 1880?
0.8
notable periods in the UK?
- little ice age
- medieval warm period
what was the time period for the medieval warm period?
950 - 1100AD
Why did scientists say temp increased?
increase in solar activity, decrease in volcanic activity
The UK’s 4 regions
- North west : mild winter, cool summers
- South east : cold winters, warm summers
- North east : cold winters, cool summers
- South west - mild winters, warm summers
natural factors for climate change
- orbital change
- asteroid collisions
- volcanic activity
- solar output variation
volcanic activity
major volcanic eruptions can change composition of earth
solar output variation
when output is low, climate would cool
Asteroid collision
when asteroids collide with the earth, huge amounts of dust thrown into atmosphere
orbital change
the closer to the sun, the more solar radiation it is exposed to
Milankovitch cycle
earth changes orbit from circular to eliipitcal to circular
- in span of 96,000 years
what components of farming emits methane?
- rice paddies
- degestive system of cows
human activities increasing concentration of greenhouse gases
- transport
- agriculture
- industry
- energy
- deforestation
- burning fossil fuels
- cement production
which region reflects greatest proportion of radiation?
Antarctica
- white surface
main sources humans are cause of climate change
- declining arctic ice
- global temp rise
- sea level rise and warming oceans
- increased extreme weather events
greenhouse effect
- sun emits short wave length towards earth
- earth absorbs some radiation, long wavelength reflected back
- greenhouse gases can’t absorb frequency of radiation
- gases re-radiate energy
- temp rises
effect of climate change on environment?
- changing distribution of species
- melting ice
- sea surface temp rises
- reduction in biodiversity
- changing weather patterns
effect of climate change on people
- more extreme weather events
- more deaths due to heat
- problems with water availability
- loss of coastal areas
- lower crop yield
tropical cyclone
- spin caused by earth’s rotation
- form over warm water
- move west near equator
main features
- circular shape
- 100’s of kilometres wide
- lasts 1- 2 weeks
3 main regions of a tropical cyclone
- eye
- eyewall
- edges
physical hazards
- intense rainfall
- storm surges
- high winds
- coastal flooding
- landslides
impact on people
- cuts of electricity supplies
- food shortages
- makes hard for aid to arrive
Bangladesh (case study)
- much of population is rural
- increasesd surface run off
- unplanned settlements have been built on low-lying land
- GDP is low, less able to invest
Bangladesh attempts to protect population
- forecasting
- satellite tech
- warning system
- evacuation strategies
- surge defences
USA ( case study)
Primary impacts
- May 2009
- Cyclone Aila killed 190 people and made 750,000 homeless
Secondary impacts
- crops destroyed
- farm animals killed
- sickness spread from contaminated water
divergent plate boundary
- plates move apart
- gap causes magma to rise
Preparation
- forecastin
- satellite tech
- warnings
- evacuation systems
- storm surge defences
convergent plate boundary
- plates slide under each other
- oceanic slides underneath continentsl
stuck, pressure builds - causes eathquake
conservative plate boundary
- plates slide past each other
- in opposite directions
or same direction but at different speeds
what is the point where tectonics meet
plate boundary
where do volcanoes happen?
- divergent
- convergent
- hotspots
types of volcanoes
- composite
- shield
characteristics of a composite volcano
- found at convergent boundaies
- erupt explosively
- produce a lot of gas
- produce a lot of lava
characteristics of shield volcano
- found at divergent and hotspots
- not very explosive
- don’t produce ash
difference in shield and composite
- composite has andesitic lava
- shield have basaltic flow
developing country pyramid
- base is wide (birth rate is high)
- middle is narrower, infant mortality is higher , life expectancy is lower
emerging country pyramid
- base is narrower, more women have better education and contraception
- top is wider as life expectancy and quality of healthcare is higher
phycical facors affecting development
- landlocked, don’t have access to see when most trade is done by sea
- infertile farmland, low food production leads to death by starvation
- climate, if too hot or cold it’s difficult to grow crops
- steep topography, bad for farming , transport goods & restricts trade
developed country pyramid
- top is wider, healthy lifestyle
- quality of life and healthcare is higher
