Development Dynamics

Question 1

What is development?

Answer 1

A process of change that affects people’s lives (possible improvement in quality of life)

Question 2

How do you measure levels of health?

Answer 2

Life expectancy, infant mortality and death rate

Question 3

How do you measure wealth?

Answer 3

GDP per capita

Question 4

How do you measure democracy?

Answer 4

Frequency of opportunities to vote and the corruption perception index

Question 5

How do you measure the employment sector?

Answer 5

Employment rate

Question 6

How do you measure universal healthcare?

Answer 6

Doctors per 1000 people

Question 7

How do you measure a fair legal system?

Answer 7

Crime and the prosecution rate percentage of legal processions

Question 8

How do you measure safe drinking water?

Answer 8

Infant mortality or death rate

Question 9

What is GDP per capita?

Answer 9

The total value of goods and services produced each year (GDP) divided by the population

Question 10

What is GDP PPP?

Answer 10

GDP- purchasing power parity which shows what the GDP will buy in other countries

Question 11

What is HDI?

Answer 11

Human development index- wealth, health and education to show development on a scale of 0-1 (the higher, the better)

Question 12

What is access to safe drinking water?

Answer 12

The amount of people within 1 km of a safe drinking water source

Question 13

What is literacy rate?

Answer 13

The percentage of population with the abilities to read and write above 15 years old

Question 14

What is the corruption perception index?

Answer 14

A scale from 0-10 (the higher, the less corrupt) to show how stable a government is

Question 15

What does the population structure of a developing country like Malawi look like?

Answer 15

The graph is like a pyramid:
High birth rate and a rapidly growing population
Increased pressure on schools due to a larger number of the population being below 19
Lots of young people to look after the few elderly
Narrow top shows low life expectancy
High death rate due to disease and poor healthcare

Question 16

What does the population structure of a developed country like the UK look like?

Answer 16

The graph is like a barrel:
The pyramid doesn’t narrow, showing a low infant mortality rate
Top heavy and shows a low death rate
Increased pressure on healthcare due to the older population
Narrow base indicates the birth rate is low and falling
Declining workforce puts more pressure on the government budget

Question 17

What is the Brandt line?

Answer 17

A line made by William Brandt in 1980 to show the divide of developed and developing countries

Question 18

Why is the Brandt line outdated?

Answer 18

Certain parts of countries may be very developed such as India and China but some areas of the same countries still remain at the same level of poverty

Question 19

How does the population change after development?

Answer 19

Birth/death rate, dependency ratios, fertility rate, infant/maternal mortality rate all decrease (better health care, women pursuing careers and people not wanting the cost of children)
Life expectancy, literacy rate and years of schooling all increase (improved funds to increase possibility of higher paying, more specialised jobs)

Question 20

What physical and environmental factors are effecting Malawi’s development?

Answer 20

Landlocked- no coast (no port) means they have to pay trade tariffs which make trade expensive and the route through other countries is slower
Rural isolation- poor overall infrastructure with 85% living in rural areas, poor communication
Changing climates- water shortages as temperatures increase and food shortages by variable rainfall and increased drought
Increased pollution- urban areas and squatter settlement pollute water supplies through surface run off, creating a risk to human life. Air pollution is increasing from mainly diesel lorries, traffic congestion and deforestation

Question 21

What economic and political factors are effecting Malawi’s development?

Answer 21

Terms of trade- selling raw materials to developed countries and getting imports of products they are unable to manufacture is putting them in debt of billions
Colonisation and cash crops- the British colonised and made coffee and tea plantations, which still exist and are run by TNCs (an example of neo colonialism) as well as 80% of the population working in farming and rely on selling crops for a profit despite global prices fluctuating massively
Global trade and international relations- they export raw coffee beans instead of pre roasted because it would be cheaper for TNCs to roast the beans in their country

Question 22

What are the 5 stages of Rostow’s theory?

Answer 22

Made by Walt Rostow (an American economist) after WW2
Traditional society- agriculture
Pre takeoff stage- agriculture to manufacturing, trade increases profit and then the profit is then invested into new industries
Takeoff- rapid growth, requires investment from the profits of overseas trade, technology creates new manufacturing industries
Drive to maturity- period of growth, technology is used and industries produce consumer goods
Age of high mass consumption- period of comfort, technology is commonly used, consumers have a wide variety of products and wealth can be invested by choice

Question 23

What is Frank’s dependency theory?

Answer 23

Made by André Frank (economist) in opposition to Rostow’s theory
Low value, raw materials are traded between the core and periphery/semi-periphery
The core processes the materials into higher value products which they can sell to the periphery/semi-periphery
Frank believed historical trade made countries poor in the first place (weaker members of the global economy)

Question 24

What is the cycle of poverty?

Answer 24

[Low GDP per Capita] -> lack of money for investments -> production is low -> few goods to export -> [Low GDP per Capita] -> government gets little tax -> government siphons money off -> little to no money to spend on healthcare and education -> people not able to work through ill health -> [Low GDP per Capita]

Question 25

What is the Clark Fisher Model?

Answer 25

Pre industrial- primary sector dominates (70%), very few work in the secondary/ tertiary (20-30%), few machines so people had to work in farming for raw materials
Industrial- secondary sector dominates (45%) with more machines and factories for manufacturing, demand increases for manufactured goods, primary sector decreases due to technology being able to do the jobs
Post industrial- dominated by tertiary (55%) as more services are used, secondary jobs done through outsourcing for cheaper, primary jobs done by machinery due to technological advancements, quaternary jobs start to increase due to services becoming more specialised and developed like IT

Question 26

What is globalisation?

Answer 26

Increased connections between countries through things like technology

Question 27

What is a TNC?

Answer 27

A trans national company (operates over more than one country)

Question 28

What is a FDI?

Answer 28

A foreign direct investment from one country directly to another

Question 29

What is interdependency?

Answer 29

Countries relying/ being connected to other countries for aid etc