Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Psychology > Development Across the Life Span > Flashcards

Development Across the Life Span Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception until death

A

Human Development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Special Designs used in researching age-related changes:

A

Longitudinal Design: 1 group followed at diff times
Cross-sectional Design: several diff age groups at one time
Cross-sequential Design: combination of longitudinal & cross-sectional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Research design in which one participant
or group of participants is studied over a
long period of time

A

Longitudinal Design

Advantage: looking at real age-related changes (same indivs)
Disadvantage: lengthy amount of time, money, and effort, loss of participants (move away, lose interest, death)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Research design in which participants are
first studied by means of a cross-sectional
design but are also followed and assessed
longitudinally.

A

Cross-sequential design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Research design in which several different
participant age-groups are studied at one
particular point in time

A

Cross-sectional design

Advantages: quick, inexpensive, easier to accomplish
Disadvantages: individuals of different ages are being compared to one another. Differences between age groups are often a problem in developmental research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The impact on development occurring when a group of people share a common time period or common life experience.

A

Cohort effect

For example, having been born in the same time period or having gone through a specific historical event
together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Heredity, the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.

A

Nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The influence of the environment on
personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.

A

Nurture

Includes parenting styles, physical surroundings, economic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

All that people are and all that people become is the product of an interaction between ______

A

Nature (heredity) and nurture (environment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A field of study in which researchers try to determine how much of
behavior is the result of genetic inheritance and how much is due to a person’s experiences.

A

Behavioral genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The science of heredity.

A

Genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Special molecule that contains the
genetic material of the organism

_______ is a very special kind of molecule (the smallest particle of a substance that still has all the properties of that substance). DNA consists of two very long sugar–phosphate strands, each linked together by certain chemical elements called ________ arranged in a particular pattern

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Amines or bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Organic structures that contain the genetic codes for building the proteins that make up organic life (hair coloring, muscle, and skin, for example) and that control the life of each cell.

A

Amines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements.

Each section of DNA containing a certain sequence (ordering) of these amines is called a _____

A

Gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

These genes are located on rod-shaped structures called _______. Tightly wound strand of genetic material or DNA.

Found where?

A

Chromosomes

Found in the nucleus of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Humans have a total of ___ chromosomes in each cell of their bodies

Exception?

A

46

Egg and sperm
23 chromosomes from mother’s egg
23 chromosomes from father’s sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Most characteristics are determined by 22 such pairs, called the ______.

The last (23rd) pair determines the ___ of the person. The two chromosomes of this pair are called the _______

A

Autosomes
Sex, sex chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

XX:
XY:

A

XX: Female
XY: Male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait. A ________ will always be expressed in
the observable trait.

A

Dominant gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene. These genes tend to recede, or fade, into the background when paired with a more dominant gene.

A

Recessive gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Almost all traits are influenced by more than one pair of genes in a process called _____

A

Polygenic inheritance

Polygenic means “many genes.”
*Certain kinds of genes tend to group themselves with certain other genes (blond hair and blue eyes)
*Other genes are so equally dominant or equally recessive that they combine their traits in the organism (blond r, red hair r = strawberry blond)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Dominant gene disorders

*Only one parent needs to have the gene for the disorder to be passed on to offspring

A

Huntington’s disease: a breakdown in the neurons of the brain
Marfan’s syndrome: a connective tissue disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A breakdown in the neurons of the brain.
Dominant or recessive?

A

Huntington’s disease
Dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A connective tissue disorder.
Dominant or recessive?

A

Marfan’s syndrome
Dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Recessive gene disorders

Diseases carried by recessive genes are inherited when a child inherits
two recessive genes, one from each parent.

A

Cystic fibrosis
Sickle-cell anemia
Tay-Sachs disorder
Phenylketonuria (PKU)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A disease of the respiratory and digestive tracts.
Dominant or recessive?

A

Cystic fibrosis
Recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

A blood disorder.
Dominant or recessive?

A

Sickle-cell anemia
Recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

A fatal neurological disorder.
Dominant or recessive?

A

Tay-Sachs disorder
Recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

A condition wherein infant is born without the ability to break down phenylalanine, an amino acid controlling coloring of the skin and hair. If levels of phenylalanine build up, brain damage can occur; if untreated, it can result in severe intellectual disabilities.

Dominant or recessive?

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Chromosome disorder

A

Down syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

A disorder in which there is an extra chromosome in what would normally be the 21st pair.

A

Down syndrome

Symptoms commonly include the physical characteristics of almond-shaped, wide-set eyes, intellectual disability, and the increased risk of organ failure later in life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

There is an extra sex chromosome in the 23rd pair, in which the 23rd set of sex chromosomes is XXY, with the extra X producing a male with reduced masculine characteristics, enlarged breasts, obesity, and excessive height.

A

Klinefelter syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Condition in which the 23rd pair is actually missing an X, so that the result is a lone X chromosome.

These females tend to be very short, infertile, and sexually underdeveloped.

A

Turner syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The female sex cell, or egg.

A

Ovum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The male sex cell.

A

Sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The union of the ovum and sperm

A

Fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum and sperm with a total of 46 chromosomes.

A

Zygote

38
Q

Normally, the zygote will begin to divide, first into two cells, then four, then eight, and so on, with each new cell also having 46 chromosomes, because the DNA molecules produce duplicates, or copies, of themselves before each division called?

A

Mitosis

39
Q

Two kinds of twins

A

Monozygotic twins “Identical”
Dizygotic twins “Fraternal”

40
Q

Identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate
embryo.

A

Monozygotic twins

Meaning that the two babies come from one (mono) fertilized egg (zygote)

41
Q

Occurring when two individual eggs get fertilized by separate sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time.

A

Fraternal or dizygotic twins
(two zygotes, triplets +)

42
Q

The study of ethical and moral issues brought about by new advances in biology and medicine and how those advances should influence policies and practices

A

Bioethics

43
Q

Three stages of prenatal development

A

Germinal period (2 weeks)
Embryonic period (2 to 8 weeks)
Fetal period (8w to end of pregnancy)

44
Q

First 2 weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote divides and moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining (mass of cells).

A

Germinal period
Cells begin to differentiate, or develop into specialized cells: skin cells, heart cells, stem cells, etc.

The placenta and umbilical cord begins to form during germinal period.

45
Q

The ________ is a specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away the developing baby’s waste products.

This connects the organism to the placenta.

A

Placenta
Umbilical cord

46
Q

Firmly attached to the uterus. Name for the developing organism from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after fertilization.

A

Embryo

47
Q

The period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop.

A

Embryonic period

By the end of this. the embryo is about 1 inch long and has primitive eyes, nose, lips, teeth, and little arms and legs, as well as a beating heart. Although no organ is fully developed or completely functional at this time, nearly all are “there.”

48
Q

Times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant.

A

Critical Periods

limbs 3-8w
heart 2-6w
CNS 2-5w
eyes 3-8w
teeth & mouth roof 7-12w

49
Q

Any substance such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that can cause a birth defect.

A

Teratogen

50
Q

A group of possible conditions caused by a mother consuming alcohol during pregnancy, in which a combination of physical, mental, and behavioral problems may be present

A

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
(FASDs)

51
Q

The period of tremendous growth from about 8 weeks after conception until the birth of the baby.

A

Fetal period

At this time, teratogens will more likely affect the physical functioning (physiology) of the organs rather than their structure.

Vulnerable: CNS, eyes, external sexual organs

52
Q

At _____ weeks, the fetus is considered full term.

A

38

53
Q

Babies born before 38 weeks are called _________ and may need life support to survive

A

Preterm or premature

May have problems if the baby weighs less than 5½ pounds at birth (should be 7 pounds+)

54
Q

How early can an infant be born and still survive?

A

The age of viability is between 22 (10%) and 26 weeks (85% survival)

55
Q

The most likely time for a miscarriage, or spontaneous abortion.

15-20% end in miscarriage

A

First 3 months
*As the organs are forming and first becoming functional
*Caused by a genetic defect in the way the embryo or fetus is developing that will not allow the infant to survive.

56
Q

Name for the developing organism from 8 weeks after fertilization to the birth of the baby.

A

Fetus

57
Q

Assumes that the longer an infant spends looking at a stimulus, the more the infant prefers that stimulus over others

A

Preferential looking

58
Q

___ is the tendency for infants (and adults) to stop paying
attention to a stimulus that does not change.

A

Habituation

59
Q

Infants have a set of
innate (existing from birth), involuntary behavior patterns

A

Reflexes

60
Q

Five infant reflexes

Pediatricians use these and other reflexes to determine whether a newborn’s nervous system is working properly.

A

Grasping reflex
Startle reflex (Moro reflex)
Rooting reflex
Stepping reflex
Sucking reflex

61
Q

Six motor milestones

Top to down: neck muscles to legs & feet

A

(a) raising head and chest—2 to 4 months
(b) rolling over—2 to 5 months
(c) sitting up with support—4 to 6 months
(d) sitting up without support—6 to 7 months
(e) crawling—7 to 8 months
(f) walking—8 to 18 months

62
Q

At birth, an infant’s brain consists of more than _____ neurons.
Rapid and extensive growth of these neurons occurs as the brain triples in weight from _____, with much of the increase caused by growth of new dendrites, axon
terminals, and increasing numbers of synaptic connections.

A

100 billion
birth to age 3 years

63
Q

The development of the infant brain after birth involves a necessary loss of neurons as unused synaptic connections and nerve cells are cleared away to make way for functioning connections and cells

A

Synaptic pruning

64
Q

Developed or nearly developed senses

A

Touch: well dvl
Smell: well dvl (mother’s milk scent)
Taste: well dvl (infants like sweets, by 4 months salty)

Hearing: functional, time for full potential (responsive to high pitch = woman, low pitch = man)

Vision: least functional
Rods: BnW, little visual acuity = fairly dvl
Cones: Color, sharpness of vision = 6 months to fully dvl

65
Q

The development of thinking, problem solving, and memory

A

Cognitive development

66
Q

A mental concept or framework that guides organization and interpretation of information, which forms and evolves through experiences with objects and events

A

Schema

67
Q

Children first try to understand new things in terms of schemas they already possess, a process called _______

A

Assimilation

68
Q

The process of altering or adjusting old schemas to fit new information
and experiences

A

Accommodation

The child might see an orange and say “apple” because both objects are round. When corrected, the child might alter the schema for apple to include “round” and “red.”

69
Q

Differentiate Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

A

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operations
Formal operations

70
Q

Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment.

A

Sensorimotor stage: Birth to 2 yo

By the end, develops sense of:
Object permanence
Symbolic thought ( thinking in simple symbols and planning out actions)

71
Q

The knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight

A

Object permanence

72
Q

Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, in which the preschool child learns to use language and concepts as a means of exploring the world.

A

Preoperational stage: 2 to 7 yo

73
Q

They believe that everything is alive
and has feelings just like their own, a quality called ___

A

Animism

74
Q

The inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes.

A

Egocentrism

For the preoperational child, everyone else must see what the
child sees, and what is important to the child must be important to everyone else

75
Q

The tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features.

A

Centration

Ex. Jem’s smaller cookie cut into two pieces, “Yay, I have more now!”

Children in this stage often fail to understand that changing the way something looks does not change its substance

76
Q

The ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object’s nature.

A

Conservation

77
Q

In Piaget’s theory, the inability of the young child to mentally reverse an action.

A

Irreversibility

78
Q
A
79
Q
A
80
Q
A
81
Q
A
82
Q
A
83
Q
A
84
Q
A
85
Q
A
86
Q
A
87
Q
A
88
Q
A
89
Q
A
90
Q
A

General Psychology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions