Development Flashcards
Piaget Sensorimotor Stage
0-2 years
Learn through movement and senses
Piaget Preoperational stage
Preschool/Kindergarden Prelogical thought Forms new schemes Egocentrism Centration
Piaget Concrete Operational stage
Elementary
Logical thought
Need concrete/hands on experience
Sorting & Classifying
Piaget Formal Operational stage
Middle school/High School
Abstract thought
Problem solving and critical thinking
Vygotsky
Zone of proximal development
Social & Cultural interactions
Using language to give examples, ask leading questions
Trust Vs Mistrust
Babies
Need comfort and safety
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
Toddlers
Works towards independence
Shame/doubt in abilities
Initiative vs Guilt
Preschool/Kindergarden
Initiating activities, exploring
Sense of purpose vs inadequacy
Industry vs Inferiority
Elementary
Comparing themselves with peers
Need positive reinforcement
Pride/competancy vs inferiority
Identity vs Role Confusion
Adolescents
Developing sense of self
Peers & social role models important
Integrated person vs Rebellion
Intimacy vs Isolation
Young Adults
Maintaining close personal relationships
Sense of self
Love vs Isolation
Preconventional Stage
Just follows rules, does not understand them
Avoids punishment
Follows rules to receive reward
Conventional Stage
Black and White view of rules
Respect authority
Upholds societal laws blindly
Postconventional Stage
Rules flexible depending on situation
Human rights, Equality, higher morals
Spearman Intelligence Theory
General Intelligence
“G Factor”
Smart across the board
Thurnstone Intelligence Theory
7 Factor Intelligence
Book smarts
Scores vary together
Sternberg Intelligence Theory
Successful Intelligence Three types of intelligence Creative Analytical Practical
Gardner Intelligence Theory
Multiple Intelligences Logical-Mathematical Verbal Musical Spatial Bodily Interpersonal (people smart) Intrapersonal (self smart) Naturalist
Behavioral Approach
Teacher Directed
Basic skills/mastery
Behavior modification (pos/neg reinforcement)
Constructivist Approach
Student-Centered
Building knowledge
Project-based learning
Real world/authentic learning
Cooperative Collaborative Approach
Learning Together
Mixed groups working together
Group goals
Competition between teams
Information Processing (Cognitivism)
Memory
Repetition, rehearsal
Social Cognitive (Cognitivism)
Teaching/developing self
Modeling, Imitation
Autonomous learning
Humanistic
Self Perception, Motivation
Student choice
Creative learning
Formative Assessment
Check FOR learning
Occurs during instruction
Determines student learning
Summative Assessment
Sum OF learning
Occurs after instruction
Measures overall achievement
Written Assessment
Grading is objective (right/wrong) Selected response (multiple choice) Constructed response (essay)
Performance Assessment
Grading is subjective
Higher level skills
Portfolio, exhibitions
Norm-Reference Grading
Based on normed score
Compares to other students
Criterion-Referenced Grading
Based on standards
Passed based on mastery
Chomsky Language Theory
He believes children instinctively learn language without any formal instruction.
“Universal grammar”
Skinner Language Theory
B. F. Skinner believed that children learn language through operant conditioning; in other words, children receive “rewards” for using language in a functional manner.
Vygotsky Language Theory
Social interaction can help students learn language, as language growth does not happen in isolation. Social interaction can help students move closer to proficient language use and maximize their potential.
Positive Reinforcement/Punishment
Something Added
Negative Reinforcement/Punishment
Something taken away
Sensory Memory
Iconic memory (sight) Echonic Memory (sound)
Working Memory
Short term memory
Visual-Spatial (pictures, maps)
Phonological (verbal info)
Long Term Memory
Semantic (Facts)
Episodic (Events)
Procedural
Albert Bandura
Learning is a cognitive process
Occurs in social contexts
Modeling & observing behaviors
Pre talking/Cooing stage
0-6 months
Vowel sounds
Babbling Stage
6-8 months
Vowel and constanants
Holophrastic Stage
9-18 months
One word
Two word stage
18-24 months
Two words, most constanants
Telegraphic Stage
24-30 months
Forming sentences
Later multi-word stage
30+ Months
Fastest increase in vocabulary
Understand everything said
