Development Flashcards
Twin studies
- Twins can either be identical or fraternal
- Heredity is thought to have played a role in the development of a shared characteristic between twins
- Heredity makes a relatively strong contribution to differences in IQ scores
What does play do
- Plays develops motor skills
- Play also enhances childrens social and cognitive development through their interaction with others and with different materials
- The importance of trainers and coaches must be emphasised as well as their use of correct techniques and approaches for correct skill training
- Skills need to be broken down in order to be easily understood
Piaget
- Play offered the opportunity for children to master and practise skills at different stages of development
- His theory derived from watching his, and other, children play
- Peers are considered to be major agents of socialisation because they are of equal status, peers are less likely to be controlling
- Much of children’s early social learning from peers occurs in the context of play
Mastery play
- up to 2 years
- Play that involves enjoyment of movements for their own sake.
- The child learns to master and coordinate motor skills.
- The play is mainly repetitive and exploratory
Symbolic or make believe play 2
- 2-6 years
- Children begin to make use of symbols in play, to learn language and to engage in pretend play where they transform themselves into something or someone else
Play with rules
- from 7 years
- As children’s thinking becomes more logical, games start to incorporate rules.
- Later children incorporate standard rules into their play that are laid down for all players.
Mildred Parten
- preschool years increase in associated and co-operative play and a decrease in solitary play
- small relationship between IQ and degree of social participation of individuals
solitary play
The child plays alone and seems uninterested in the activities of other children who may be playing nearby
Onlooker play
The child watches other children’s play with interest but doesn’t join in
Parallel play
The child plays alongside other children with similar toys and in similar ways and may mimic other children, but does not interact
Associative play
The children seem interested in each other, but there is little planning in the activities they undertake together
Cooperative play
This involves children interacting in a group that has a sense of identity and purpose. Roles may be identified and rules may be set
How do twin studies help when studying human development
- hereditary played a role in determining degree of introversion or extroversion
- hereditary bigger role in intelligence
- twins apart still showed similarities
Longitudinal vs cross sectional studies cross sectional 6
- Cross sectional measures individuals of various ages at one point in time to provide information about age differences
- Advantages: quick cost effective, large sample
- Disadvantages: growing up during different eras can impact certain factors of development
- Longitudinal - measures a single individual or group over an extended period of time to provide information about age changes
- Advantages: more reliable results, more detailed information
- Disadvantages: costly, more time consuming, small sample
Nature vs Nurture
- We have tried to determine which our development is caused by what we inherit genetically from our parents and the result of environmental influences
- Environment vs genetics
- The general argument is that both nature and nurture play a role in the development of intelligence
- Most of the supporting evidence for this compromise position comes from twin studies
