Development Flashcards
What is development?
characteristics that describe the stage a country has reached economically, socially and technologically
Standard of living
material wellbeing (income levels)
Quality of life
standard of living and other factors; i.e. ed level, health, safety, religious freedom
Ways of measuring development
Birth rates and death rates
Gross Domestic Product
Average level of education
Millennial development goals
Eradicate extreme poverty Achieve universal primary education Reduce child mortality Promote gender equality Improve maternal healthcare Combat HIV + other diseases Ensure environmental sustainability Global partnership for development
Types of factors influencing development
Resource factors
Cultural and social factors
Political factors
Development Models
Rostow’s 5 stages of growth
Core-periphery
Sustainable development
Population growth rate
BR - DR
GDP
income of country / population
Resource Factors
Access to resources
Energy consumption of a country
Natural resource limitation
Cultural and social factors
Education and training Population growth (large family - more likely be in poverty cycle)
Political factors
- Historical (War, corruption)
- Poor management of resources causing environmental degradation
5 stages of Rostow’s growth
- Traditional society
- Pre-conditions for take-off
- Take-off
- Drive to maturity
- Age of mass consumption
Trade surplus
country earns more from exports than it pays for imports
Why does international trade happen?
- Uneven distribution of raw materials
- no country has an adequate supply of everything
Trade deficit
Country spends more on imports than it earns from exports
Core-periphery
prosperous area is the core, surrounding is the periphery.
the further from the core, the less development
Sustainable development
development that meets the needs of the present without creating problems for future generations
Free Trade
Occurs when there is movement of goods and services between countries and this movement is not restricted
Fair trade
Buyer and seller both get a fair price
Human development index
Includes life expectancy, literacy, education and income level per person
Globalisation
Process of change, increasing interconnectedness and interdependence among countries
Five main global flows
- Money
- Ideas
- Technology
- Information
- People
Disadvantages of globalisation
- Local economies vulnerable to fast changes
- Power centralised to large transactional corporations
- loss of employment in manufacturing and developing countries
Advantages of globalisation
- Improves local productivity
- Improves international standards (of i.e. education)
- Increase in variety of goods available to people
Effect of development on the environment
- Growing population and more economic development causes environmental management issues
- Pollution becomes a major issue
Types of development aid
- Technical aid (helping improve efficiency)
- Conditional aid (specific responsibilities must be met/tied aid)
- Humanitarian aid (material aid usually given in crisis)
Aid is effective when…
- Supports batter social and economic policies
- Provides humanitarian relief
- Contributes to training personnel and building expertise
- Encourages industrial development
Aid is ineffective when…
- It is not a gift but a loan
- Aid does not reach those who need it/ corruption
- It funds environmentally unsound projects
