Development Flashcards
What are the major area changes from a baby to adult?
- Perception
- Mobility
- Cognition
- Communication
- Socialisation
- Emotion-regulation
Why are developmental changes important when doing research?
• Developmental stages important in research questions in choosing age groups as some children can do more than others
What are expectations for vision when the child is 0-4 months old?
- Eyes may wander- inability to focus and coordinate eye movement
- Range of focus approximately 15 to 25 cm
- Only sensitive to high contrast
- —Black, white and red toys
What are expectations for vision when the child is 5-8 months old?
- Depth perception allows a 3D view of the world
- Colour vision is now well developed
What are expectations for vision when the child is 9-12 months?
-Ability to judge distance is now fairly good
When is hearing developed in a child and what sounds do they prefer at first?
o Inner ear is fully developed by the start of the third trimester
Foetuses respond to sounds
Newborns have a preference for their mother’s voice over the voice of another woman
o Newborns are sensitive to patterns and organised sound
Preferential orientation to speech and music
How is hearing tested at birth?
o Tested at birth- evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOAE)
A tiny microphone picks up feedback if hearing is functional
• Cochlear hair cells expanding and contracting
Or- does the infant orient to sound (a rattle, a voice)
What are gross motor skills?
-Large movements using arms, legs, feet or whole body
What gross motor development is expected at 1-4 months?
Reflex movements, lifts head when prone, sits with support
What gross motor development is expected at 5-9 months?
Sits without support
What gross motor development is expected at 5-10 months?
Pulls to standing
What gross motor development is expected at 5-11 months?
Crawls
What gross motor development is expected at 10-17 months
Stands then walks alone
What gross motor development is expected at `18-30 months?
Runs, jumps
What are fine motor skills?
Smaller movements using fingers, toes and facial muscles
What fine motor development is expected at 2 months?
Holds object briefly if placed in head
What fine motor development is expected at 3-4 months?
Reaches for dangling object, inspects fingers, moves object towards mouth
What fine motor development is expected at 4-5 months?
Holds two objects, transfers object from hand to hand
What fine motor development is expected at 5-6 months?
Bang objects together
What fine motor development is expected at 6 months?
Reaches for, grabs and retains objects, manipulates and examines objects
What fine motor development is expected at 7-8 months?
Pulls string to obtain object, grasps with thumb and fingers (four finger grip)
What fine motor development is expected at 8-10 months?
Can grip and release objects
What fine motor development is expected at 10-12 months?
Pincer grip (thumb and forefinger), can put 3+ objects in a container
How does motor control develop biologically at birth and development of foetus?
Motor control develops in 2 directions
• Cephalo-caudal (head to toe)
• Proximo-distal (midline to extremities)
Spinal cord and organs develop before arms and legs
What is required for motor skills to develop in children?
Stimuli (physical environment)
Interactions and praise (parents, siblings…)
Drive and motivation
Personality
Genuinely delayed motor skills may indicate a problem that needs remediation
• But no benefit from trying to teach motor skills early
What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete operational
- Formal operational
When does the sensorimotor stage occur?
Birth to 2 years
When does the preoperational stage occur?
2-6 years
When does the concrete operational stage occur?
7-12 years
When does the formal operational stage occur?
12+ years
What is the sensorimotor stage?
Infant experiences the world through immediate sensory impressions and actions. Infant is not able to represent the world independently of direct sensory experience
What is the preoperational stage?
Children represent the world with words and images, but cannot manipulate/transform these images. Little evidence of logical reasoning
What is the concrete operational stage?
Children can manipulate mental representations. Can reason logically about concrete events and objects, but not abstract concepts
What is the formal operational stage?
Teenager is able to reason logically about concrete events and abstract symbols
What is egocentric thinking and until when does it occur?
• Egocentric thinking (until age of 7-ish)
o Child unable to see a situation from another’s point of view
o Child assumes that other people see, hear and feel exactly the same as child does
What is object permanence and until when does it occur? Is there a gray area between object permanence and not?
• Object permanence (achieved by the end of sensorimotor period)
o The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed
o Piaget argued that it was the infants increasing motor abilities (to touch and handle objects) that allowed for the development of object permanence
o Associated with separation anxiety
o Sometimes, demonstrate A not B error
If object hidden under cloth A repeatedly and then hidden under cloth B, child will look under cloth A and think the object has disappeared even though it could find it before
Demonstrates an incomplete schema of object permanence
Perseveration error- where the object was not where it is
What is expressive language?
• Expressive “language”- communication bids made by the infant (includes verbal and non-verbal communication)
What is receptive language?
• Receptive “language”- evidence of the infant receiving or understanding communication bids made by another
What are vocalisations?
• Vocalisations- sounds made by the infant in an attempt to communicate
What expressive language capabilities do children have by 3 months old?
- Maintains eye contact when spoken to
- Cries differently for different needs
- Coos, goos, and smiles
What expressive language capabilities do children have by 6 months old?
- Begins babbling with p, b and m sounds
- Vocalises to gain attention and express feelings
- Uses and produces different kinds of sounds
What expressive language capabilities do children have by 9 months old?
- Produces 4+ sounds in babbling
- Participates in vocal turn taking
- Begins using hand movements to communicate wants and needs
What expressive language capabilities do children have by 12 months old?
- Says one or two words
- Imitates speech sounds
- Produces jargon: strings of speech-like babbling
What expressive language capabilities do children have by 15 months old?
May use 4-6 different words
- Imitate simple familiar words and sounds
- Combines sounds and gestures
What expressive language capabilities do children have by 18 months old?
- Uses 20 words (mostly nouns)
- Responds to questions
- Continues to produce jargon
What expressive language capabilities do children have by 21 months old?
- Uses words more than gestures
- Consistently imitates new words
- Vocabulary of 20-50 single words
What expressive language capabilities do children have by 24 months old?
- Uses at least 50 words
- Beginning to use 2-word phrases
- Uses early pronouns
What expressive language capabilities do children have by 30 months old?
- Consistently uses 2-3 words phrases
- Produces direction words
- At least 50% of speech is understood by caregiver
What expressive language capabilities do children have by 36 months old?
- Produces 4-5 word sentences
- Uses plurals
- Most speech is understood by caregiver
What receptive language capabilities do children have by 3 months?
- Shows awareness of a speaker
- Watches speaker’s mouth or eyes
- Quiets or smiles when spoken to
What receptive language capabilities do children have by 6 months?
- Turns head to follow direction of sound
- Listens and responds when spoken to
- Notices toys that make sounds
What receptive language capabilities do children have by 9 months?
Consistently responds to own name
- Looks at familiar objects and people when named
- Follows some routine commands paired with gestures
What receptive language capabilities do children have by 12 months?
- Understands up to 50 words
- Responds to simple directions
- Joint attention; follow your gaze and points
What receptive language capabilities do children have by 15 months?
- Consistently follows simple directions
- Maintains attention to pictures
- Can identify 1-2 body parts when named
What receptive language capabilities do children have by 18 months?
- Points at familiar objects and people in pictures
- Understands early direction words
- Responds to yes/no questions with head shake/nod
What receptive language capabilities do children have by 21 months?
- Understands some emotion words
- Understands some pronouns
- Identifies 3-5 body parts when named
What receptive language capabilities do children have by 24 months?
- Understands more than 300 words
- Understands action words
- Enjoys listening to stories
What receptive language capabilities do children have by 30 months?
- Follows 2-steps directions
- Consistently understands basic nouns, verbs, pronouns
- Understands mine and yours
What receptive language capabilities do children have by 36 months?
- Understands opposites
- Simple understanding of concepts like color, space, time
- Recognises how objects are used
What are mastered skills that most kids should be able to do at 1 months old?
- Lifts head when lying on tummy
- Responds to sound
- Stares at faces
What are mastered skills that most kids should be able to do at 2 months old?
- Vocalises: gurgles and coos
- Follows objects across field of vision
- Notices his hands
- Holds head up for short periods
What are mastered skills that most kids should be able to do at 3 months old?
- Recognizes your face and scent
- Holds head steady
- Visually tracks moving objects
What are mastered skills that most kids should be able to do at 4 months old?
- Smiles, laughs
- Can bear weight on legs
- Coos when you talk to him
What are mastered skills that most kids should be able to do at 5 months old?
- Distinguishes between bold colors
- Plays with hands and feet
What are mastered skills that most kids should be able to do at 6 months old?
- Turns toward sounds and voices
- Imitates sounds
- Rolls over in both directions
What are physical skills that 1 year olds should have?
- Sits without support
- Holds biscuit or bottle
- Crawls
What are physical skills that 2 year olds should have?
- Climbs onto chair
- Kicks and throws a ball
- Feeds themselves
What are physical skills that 3 year olds should have?
- Holds crayons with fingers
- Gets dressed with help
- Jumps over low objects
- Holds crayons with fingers
- Gets dressed with help
- Jumps over low objects
What are social emotional skills that 1 year olds should have?
- Its wary of strangers
- Explores when parent is nearby but returns for reassurance
What are social emotional skills that 2 year olds should have?
- Begins to share and cooperate when playing
- Seeks comfort when upset
What are social emotional skills that 3 year olds should have?
- Plays simple make-believe games
- Doesn’t like sharing toys
What are cognitive skills that 1 year olds should have?
- Bangs two objects together
- Responds to own name
- Shows interest in pictures books
What are cognitive skills that 2 year olds should have?
- Recognises self in mirror
- Points to objects when named
- Selects games and puts them away
What are cognitive skills that 3 year olds should have?
- Begins to count with numbers
- Recognises similarities and differences
- Can follow two or more simple directions