Development Flashcards
What is development?
When a country is improving and is getting better
When you’re just describing development, it isn’t just about wealth. When you’re just on about wealth it’s usually referred to as …
Economic development
What are development indicators?
Things you can use to compare the development of different countries
What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
The total value of goods and services a country produces in a year. It’s often given in US dollars.
What is GDP per capita?
GDP divided by the total population (also called GDP per head)
What is birth rate?
As the country develops it gets…
The number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year
Lower
What is death rate?
As the county develops it gets…
The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year
Lower
What is infant mortality rate?
The number of babies who die under 1 year old, per a thousand babies born
What is people per doctor?
As the country develops it gets…
The average number of people for each doctor
Lower
What is literacy rate?
The percentage of adults who can read and write
What is access to safe water?
The percentage of people that can get clean drinking water
What is life expectancy?
The average age a person can expect to live to
What is Physical Quality-of-Life Index (PQLI)?
The is a number that’s calculated using life expectancy, literacy rate and infant mortality rate
What is calorie intake?
The average number of calories eaten per day
What is Human Development Index (HDI)?
A number that’s calculated using life expectancy, literacy rate and education level (e.g degree) and income per head
What are the disadvantages of economic development indicators? (2)
- They can be inaccurate for countries where trade is not taxed
- They can be affected by exchange rates
What are the disadvantages of development indicators? (2)
- they can be misleading when used in their own because they are averages
- they don’t show up elite groups or variations within the country
In the past, how did people categorise different countries based on their development?
They used something calls the First, Second and Third Worlds
Were the First World countries rich or poor or communist?
What did they have? E.g manufacturing
Rich countries
They had lots of manufacturing and services
Were the Second World countries rich or poor or communist?
What did they have? E.g manufacturing
They were communist
They had lots of manufacturing
Were the Third World countries rich or poor or communist?
They weren’t ‘rich’ and some people thought ranking countries like this was disrespectful
Name a few First World countries (4) DONT WORRY IF YOU CANT GET THIS
USA, Western Europe countries, Australia and Japan
Name a couple Second World countries (3) DONT WORRY IF U CANT GET THIS
Poland, Russia and China
From 1980s countries have been classified into two categories based on how economically developed they are. They are….
MEDCs and LEDCs
MEDCs are generally found in the North or South?
North
Name some LEDCs…
India, China, Mexico, Brazil, Ethiopia, African countries etc
Name some MEDCs…
USA, UK, European countries, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, France, Norway
The North South divide line used to show the divide in the richer and poorer countries is called the…
Brandt line
What are the disadvantages to the Brandt line?
- Doesn’t tell you the exact LEDCs and MEDCs
- Rough estimation
- Doesn’t tell you which ones are developing quickly
- The classifications are based on wealth, which doesn’t always match the development level
What does NIC stand for?
Newly Industrialising Countries
What are NICs?
Countries that are rapidly getting richer as their economy is moving from being based on primary industry (e.g agriculture) to secondary industry (e.g manufacturing)
What are middle income countries?
Countries that aren’t really poor, but aren’t rich either - in the middle. They’re developing quickly, but not as quickly as NICs are.
Try to name the 5 environmental factors that affect how developed a country is…
- A poor climate
- Poor farming land
- Limited water supplies
- Lots of natural hazards
- Few raw materials
Try to name the 3 main political factors that slow development and what they are …
- Unstable governments that might not invest their money on the right things
- Corrupt governments where by some people in the country get richer (by breaking the law) while the others stay poor and have a low quality of life
- If there’s a war - country loses money that could be spent on development
Try to name the 3 economic factors that affect how developed a country is…
- Poor trade links
- Lots of debt
- An economy based on primary products - they can’t get much profit from selling things like wood, metal and stone. Manufactured goods are worth more.
Try to name the 3 social factors that affect how developed a country is…
- Drinking water - no illness
- The place of women in society - they can be educated and work
- Child education - better education, better jobs
Aid is given by one country to another country in the form of… (2)
Money or resources (e.g. Food, doctors)
The country that gives the aid is called the…
Donor
The country that gets the aid is called the…
Recipient
What are the two main sources of aid from donor countries?
Government (paid for by taxes) or NGOs (paid for by voluntary donations)
What does NGO stand for?
Non-Governmental Organisations
What is bilateral aid?
Aid given directly to the recipient
What is multilateral aid?
Aid given indirectly through an international organisation that distributes the aid
Bilateral aid can be tied, what does that mean?
It’s given with the condition that the recipient country has to buy the goods and services it needs from the donor country. This is beneficial for the donor country but if the goods and services are expensive then the aid doesn’t go as far.
Name 2 disadvantages of short term aid (3)
- The stage of development remains unchanged for the recipient country
- Aid may not get to the people who need it most because of things like theft and transport problems
- if either country is too slow to react, aid may not get to where its most needed
What is short term aid?
Money or resources that immediately help recipient countries cope during emergencies e.g floods
What is long term aid?
What sort of things does it help to do?
Money or resources that slowly help recipient countries to develop
Helps build things like dams and wells or construct schools
What are disadvantages of both types of aid? (2)
- The recipient may become dependent on the aid and they don’t bother spending their own money developing themselves
- The aid could be misused because they have corrupt governments - the government uses the money and resources to fund their lifestyle or to pay for political events
For an Aid project to be sustainable it must…
Help development in ways that don’t irreversibly damage the environment or use up resources or money faster than it can be replaced
