Development Flashcards
Age for Trust v mistrust
0-18 months
Erikson
What is the goal of Paiget’s Developmental Theories?
To achieve equilibrium
How is “equilibrium” (per Paiget)?
Equilibrium is achieved through a combination of assimilation (incorporation of new information into existing schemas) and accommodation (modification of existing schemas), which both lead to adaptation.
According to Paiget, if a child is 18 months old, what stage is she in?
Sensorimotor Stage
What are the 3 characteristics of the Sensorimotor Stage?
- Object Permanence
- Causality
- Symbolic Thought
What is Object Permanence
Object Permanence is when a child can recognize that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. Bonus: this occurs around 8 months
What is Causality?
Causality is when a child recognizes that an action/event can cause other actions/events
Bonus: occurs around 10 months.
What is Symbolic Thought?
Symbolic thought is when a child can use language (symbols) to think about actions or objects.
Bonus: occurs around 18 months
Ex. child know that the word “cat” refers to the animal cat.
According to Paiget, if a child is between 2 years old and 7 years old, what stage are they in?
Preoperational Stage
What are the 4 characteristics that can interfer with the Preoperational Stage?
- Precausal Reasoning
- Egocentrism
- Irreversibility
- Centration
What is the key characteristic of the Preoperational Stage?
The key characteristic of the Preoperational Stage is SYMBOLIC FUNCTION, which allows the child to learn through the use of mental images, language and other symbols that represent objects that aren’t present.
(symbolic play, etc.)
What is Precausal Reasoning?
Precausal Reasoning, which limits the child’s understanding of cause and effect and is evidenced by magical thinking and animism.
What is Egocentrism?
Egocentrism limits the child’s ability to take the perspective of another person.
What is Irreversibility?
Irreversibility is the inability of a child to realize that an action can be done and undone.
What is Centration?
Centration is the inability of a child to concentrate on one aspect of a situation without neglecting other aspects, which thus leads to illogical thinking.
When does Paiget’s Concrete Operational Stage begin?
7 years old
When does Paiget’s Concrete Operational Stage end?
11 years old
Name three of the five focui of the concrete operational stage.
- Seriation
- Classification
- Decentering
- Reversibility
- Conservation
What is Seriation?
The ability to sort objects according to given characteristics
What is Classification?
The ability to name and identify sets of objects according to characteristics, including the idea the one set of objects can include another.
What is Decentering?
The ability to take into account multiple aspects of a problem in order to solve it.
What is Reversibility?
The ability to understand that actions can be reserved or objects can be changed and then returned to their original state.
What is Conservation?
The ability to understand that the quantity, length or number of times is UNRELATED to the arrangement or appearance of the items.
What stage are children capable of performing mental operations using logic and abstract thinking?
Concrete Operational Stage
What stage are children learning through sensory input and action?
Sensorimotor Stage
What stage allows for the start of a child learning through the use of mental images, language, and other symbols that represent objects that aren’t present?
Pre-Operational Stage
If a child believes that her mother loves lemon ice cream because she loves lemon ice cream, what is this an example of?
Egocentrism
Ann is 3 years old. She states, “The flower is dancing because he’s happy”. What is this an example of?
Precausal Reasoning
If a child watches clay move from a fat round container to a long rectangular container of the same size and believes there is less in the long container, what is this an example of?
Centration
Jim is 12 years old. What developmental stage is he in according to Paiget?
Formal Operational Stage
What are some characteristics of the Formal Operational Stage?
- The child was able to think abstractly, hypothetically and in a relativistic way.
- Increase in thinking about thinking
- Return to egocentrism
If a child is 12 month old, what developmental stage is Erikson going to classify him?
Trust vs. Mistrust
If a child is 17 months old, what developmental stages is the child in according to both Piaget and Erikson?
Piaget: Sensorimotor Stage
Erikson: Trust vs Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt occurs at what age?
Between 18mos and 3 years
What is the psychosocial task of Trust vs. Mistrust?
The task is to achieve a balance between trust/mistrust.
How is the balance between trust vs mistrust developed?
Basic trust develops in the context of the relationship between the infant and the primary caregiver and forms the foundation for all other stages of development
What happens when trust vs mistrust isn’t successfully developed?
Failure to master the task can result in pervasive mistrust of other OR dependent, unthinking, rigid adulation of others.
What is the task of autonomy vs Shame/Doubt stage?
Primary task is to achieve a sense of independence over her own body in the context of relationships with primary caregivers.
If a child experiences ______________, she will gain confidence and pride, which then become ego strengths.
Autonomy (in walking, exploring, etc.)
A child will likely feel doubtful of her own abilities and excessive shame if what happens?
If the child is overcontrolled or prohibited from exploring or becoming autonomous
What stage is to set goals and carry out plans without infringing on the rights of others?
Initiative vs. Guilt
How old is a child in the Initiative vs. Guilt stage?
3-6 years old.
What results in guilt during Initiative vs Guilt stage?
Exerting too much control (or taking action that does infringe on the rights of others) results in disapproval from adults and subsequent feelings of guilt.
What do feelings of guilt do?
Prohibit the child or adult from effectively making plans or setting goals in the future
What are Erikson’s Stages of Development (8)
- Trust
- Autonomy
- Initiative
- Industry
- Identity
- Intimacy
- Generativity
- Ego Intergrity
What are Piaget’s Stages of Development?
- Sensorimotor Stage
- Preoperational Stage
- Concrete Operational Stage
- Formal Operational Stage
