Development

Question 1

What are the stages of development?

Answer 1

Prenatal
Childhood
Adolescence
Adulthood

Question 2

Define development in terms of humans?

Answer 2

Changes which all humans go through as they grow

Question 3

Describe the development process in the pre-natal stage.

Answer 3

develops the neural tube, cerebral cortex, neurons and simple synapses

Question 4

Describe what development happens in the childhood stage

Answer 4

Develop more neural connections, more dense synapses in the pre-frontal cortex, understand the cause and effect as connections strengthen

Question 5

Describe the development in the adolescent stage

Answer 5

Grey matter reaches is maximum density, maturation of the :
limbic system, pre-frontal cortex and frontal lobes.

Question 6

Describe the development in the adulthood stage

Answer 6

Fully matured pre-frontal cortex, neurodegenerative diseases can be developed

Question 7

What are IQ tests ?

Answer 7

Measuring how we can learn,think and problem solve

Question 8

What does IQ stand for ?

Answer 8

Intelligence quotient

Question 9

What is the nervous system?

Answer 9

A network of cells and fibres which transmit nerve impulses between parts of the body

Question 10

What happened to the nervous system as we grow?

Answer 10

The brain and spinal cords start to loose weight,
Nerve cells may being to slow down
Waste products can collect on brain tissue as nerve cells break down, leading to plaques and tangles in the brain.

Question 11

What are neurons?

Answer 11

Cells that carry messages within brain and from the brain to parts of the body

Question 12

What are synapses?

Answer 12

Gaps between neurones which nerve impulses pass through

Question 13

What does the frontal lobes regulate?

Answer 13

They focuses on behaviour, learning, personality and voluntary movement

Question 14

What is the function of the pre- frontal cortex ?

Answer 14

Deals with complex behaviours, such as planning and decision making

Question 15

What is the function of the limbic system ?

Answer 15

Controls basic drives and emotions

Question 16

What are the functions of the temporal lobes?

Answer 16

Concerned with vision, hearing, speech and comprehension

Question 17

When do the frontal lobes go through a lot of development ?

Answer 17

During the childhood stage

Question 18

During adolescence what is remodelled last?

Answer 18

The pre-frontal cortex, the grey matter (which is at its peak) is pruned away.

Question 19

What do people in the adolescence stage rely on and why?

Answer 19

Teens rely on their limbic system to make decisions and solve problems.
This is because the pre-frontal cortex is still undergoing development

Question 20

What happens in healthy adults in the brain?

Answer 20

The brains volume decreases and the larger changes in the temporal and frontal lobes

Question 21

What did Piaget believe about cognitive development?

Answer 21

He believed that children’s cognitive development follows invariant stages.

Question 22

What is cognitive development

Answer 22

The development of the mind and the mental processes

Question 23

What are schemas ?

Answer 23

They are sets of information which are organised within the brain

Question 24

What are the four stages of cognitive development according to Piaget?

Answer 24

Sensori-motor = 0-2 years
Pre-operational = 2-7 years
Concrete operational = 7-11 years
Formal operational = 11+

Question 25

Describe the sensori motor stage

Answer 25

When children explore their environment through their senses. Development motor movement Towards the end object permanence starts to develop

Question 26

What is object permanence ?

Answer 26

The ability to understand that objects exist even when its not visually present

Question 27

What happens in the pre-operational stage ?

Answer 27

The development of language skills and mental representations of objects and events happens. Egocentrism is developed As well as animism is developed There is a lack of reversibility

Question 28

What is egocentrism ?

Answer 28

When a person only sees the world from their POV

Question 29

What is animism?

Answer 29

Treating inanimate objects as if they hav feelings

Question 30

What is reversibility ?

Answer 30

Being able to work backward when thinking

Question 31

What happens during the concrete operational stage ?

Answer 31

Children develop the ability to decentrate - being able to looks at things from multiple angles / being able to have two pieces of info at one time The ability to conserve is developed The development of linguistic humour but can’t imagine the world abstractly

Question 32

What is the ability to conserve?

Answer 32

The ability to to understand that properties of objects remain the same even hen changed in appearance

Question 33

What happens during the formal operational stage?

Answer 33

Children are capable of forming and testing ideas/hypothesis, they can understand rules of formal logic and can solve abstract problems

Question 34

What are the limitations to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

Answer 34

It’s too focused on nature - ignores the idea of environmental influences and how children can be taught by peers, teachers or parents It’s too reductionist - it simplifies learning and behaviours into stages which can differ in culture to culture

Question 35

W hat type of study was the Blackwell et at case study 1?

Answer 35

Longitudinal over 5 years

Question 36

What was the sample in the Blackwell et al study 1 ?

Answer 36

373 - public secondary school students in New York, they varied in terms of ethnicity, social economic status and achievements

Question 37

What ethical standards were used to ensure that the experiment was ethnically correct in the Blackwell et al case study 1 ?

Answer 37

Students and parents both gave consent

Question 38

What did researchers predict in the Blackwell et al cast study 1?

Answer 38

That students' beliefs about intelligence - fixed vs growth mindsets - would correlate with their achievement grades on a maths test

Question 39

What did researchers predict in the Blackwell et al cast study 1?

Answer 39

That students' beliefs about intelligence - fixed vs growth mindsets - would correlate with their achievement grades on a maths test

Question 40

What did the participants do in the Blackwell et al case study 1?

Answer 40

At the start of seventh grade, the students completed a motivational questionnaire during lesson time. This used a rating scale to measure the students’ theory of intelligence, their learning goals, their effort beliefs and their helplessness response to failure.

Question 41

What was compared in the Blackwell et al study 1 ?

Answer 41

The maths test scores from the seventh and eighth grade were compared as a way to measure progress.

Question 42

What did the Blackwell et al case study 1 find?

Answer 42

- there was no significant correlation between the theory of intelligence and maths test scores at the start of seventh grade - when the students were tested in autumn term of the seventh grade and the spring of the eighth, their mindset became a significant predictor of their maths achievements - conclusion - those with a growth mindset made a greater improvement on their maths test scores than those with a fixed mindset