development

Question 1

What develops in the brain when the foetus is ¾ weeks old?

Answer 1

A long tube that forms 3 distinct sections

These sections will eventually differentiate into various parts of the brain.

Question 2

What are the two parts of the brain formed by 5 weeks old?

Answer 2

Anterior (front part) and Posterior (back part)

This differentiation is crucial for the subsequent development of brain functions.

Question 3

At what age does the cerebellum develop?

Answer 3

6 weeks old

The cerebellum is responsible for balance and coordination.

Question 4

What is the role of the Medulla Oblongata?

Answer 4

Responsible for automatic/involuntary responses such as breathing, blinking, and sneezing.

Question 5

How many neural connections are formed every second from birth to three years old?

Answer 5

700-1000 connections

This period is marked by rapid brain development.

Question 6

What percentage of its adult size does the brain reach by age three?

Answer 6

80% of its size.

Question 7

What are the four stages of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?

Answer 7

• Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
• Pre Operational (2-7 years)
• Concrete Operational (7-11 years)
• Formal Operational (11+ years)

Question 8

What is object permanence?

Answer 8

The understanding that an object exists even when it is out of sight.

Question 9

What are the two aspects of the Pre-Operational stage?

Answer 9

• Symbolic Stage
• Intuitive Stage

Question 10

What is egocentrism in children?

Answer 10

The inability to see the world from another person’s viewpoint.

Question 11

What is centration?

Answer 11

Focusing on one aspect of a situation while ignoring others.

Question 12

What abilities do children develop in the Concrete Operational stage?

Answer 12

• Seriation
• Classification
• Reversibility
• Conversion
• Decentration

Question 13

What characterizes the Formal Operational stage?

Answer 13

Ability to understand abstract thought, time, and consequences.

Question 14

What is a strength of Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development?

Answer 14

Real work application in education.

Question 15

What is a weakness of Piaget’s theory?

Answer 15

Some studies show children develop earlier than Piaget thought.

Question 16

What is equilibrium in schema development?

Answer 16

When children’s schemas work for them, such as categorizing four-legged animals as horses.

Question 17

What does disequilibrium refer to?

Answer 17

When new information does not fit into existing schemas.

Question 18

What is assimilation in cognitive development?

Answer 18

Incorporating new information into existing schemas.

Question 19

What is accommodation in cognitive development?

Answer 19

Modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information.

Question 20

What was the aim of Piaget and Inhelder’s study in 1959?

Answer 20

To determine at what ages children take the view of another person.

Question 21

What materials were used in the Piaget and Inhelder study?

Answer 21

• A model of three mountains
• 10 pictures of the mountains from different positions
• A wooden doll

Question 22

What were the findings for children aged 4-6.5 years in the study?

Answer 22

They chose pictures based on their own view, indicating egocentrism.

Question 23

What did the study conclude about children older than 7?

Answer 23

They were non-egocentric and understood different viewpoints.

Question 24

What is a strength of the Piaget and Inhelder study?

Answer 24

Validity due to detailed observations of children’s development.

Question 25

What is a weakness of the Piaget and Inhelder study?

Answer 25

The task lacked mundane realism.

Question 26

What is a growth mindset according to Dweck's theory?

Answer 26

Believing that practice and effort can improve abilities.

Question 27

What is a fixed mindset?

Answer 27

Believing that abilities are fixed and unchangeable.

Question 28

What is a major strength of Dweck's mindset theory?

Answer 28

Research support showing that growth mindset improves academic performance.

Question 29

What is a major weakness of Dweck's mindset theory?

Answer 29

Lacks research support for the effectiveness of belief alone on abilities.

Question 30

What is Willingham's theory of practice?

Answer 30

Previous knowledge is necessary to learn and develop skills.

Question 31

What is the relationship between practice and memory according to Willingham?

Answer 31

Practice allows knowledge and skills to move from short-term memory to long-term memory.

Question 32

What are the three areas of development Willingham identified?

Answer 32

* Cognitive * Physical * Social

Question 33

What type of praise predicts a child's motivation according to Gunderson et al?

Answer 33

Process praise predicts an incremental motivational framework.

Question 34

What is an entity motivational framework?

Answer 34

Believing that behavior and ability are fixed based on nature.

Question 35

What did Kohlberg use to assess moral development?

Answer 35

Heinz's dilemma.

Question 36

What are the stages of Kohlberg's moral development?

Answer 36

* Obedience and punishment * Individualism * Relationships * Law and order * Social contract * Universal principles

Question 37

What is moral development?

Answer 37

Children's growing understanding about right and wrong.

Question 38

What is the first stage of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

Answer 38

Obedience and punishment: The child is good to avoid punishment.

Question 39

What characterizes the 'Individualism' stage in Kohlberg's theory?

Answer 39

Children realise that adults may have different viewpoints.

Question 40

In Kohlberg's stages, what is the focus during the 'Relationships' stage?

Answer 40

The child is good to look good for other people.

Question 41

What does the 'Law and order' stage in Kohlberg's theory emphasize?

Answer 41

The child is good to uphold rules in society and not feel guilt.

Question 42

What realization occurs in the 'Social contract' stage of moral development?

Answer 42

Children realise that sometimes rules might change for the greater good.

Question 43

What is the final stage of Kohlberg's moral development?

Answer 43

Universal Principles: Children develop their own set of morals and laws.

Question 44

What is a major weakness of Piaget and Kohlberg's theories?

Answer 44

They lack ecological validity due to the use of made-up unrealistic stories.

Question 45

Why are Kohlberg's findings considered not generalizable?

Answer 45

He used an all male sample, which does not represent women's morality.